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Clinical Psychology
EPPP
38
Psychology
Post-Graduate
11/16/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Brief Dinamic Theory

Definition

Focuses on specific areas of conflict. Has a specific time frame and # of sessions and is nonconfrontational

 

Traditional psychodinamic is more global and extensive   

Term

Noncontingent Reinforcement

Definition

Effective for supersticious behaviors

Term

Operant Conditioning

Definition

Can Help with normal involuntary responses

 

Help modify psychopsysiological disorders

Term

In Brief Psychodinamic

Definition

Positive tranferences are better early in treatment

Term

Beck Depression Model  

Definition

Starts by assigning task to client

 

If depression is severe - give gradual tasks

 

If mild- use cognitive techniques

Term

Structural Family Therapy

Definition

In an enmeshed family where the father uses nagging and yells-->

 

The Therapist assign home work of more yelling and nagging to manipulate the situation

Term

Structural Family Therapy

Definition

Uses interventions that stress the family to unbalance family homeostasis

Term

What does Freud and the Object Relation Theory have in comun?  

Definition

The emphasis on childhood experiences in personality development

Term

Countertransference

Definition

From Psychologist to client >>Freud said interfere with psychological functioning.

 

Now days is view as an aid for ganing insight into client world 

Term

Escape conditioning

Definition

Mother nag longer and longer- finaly the child does what she expects >> his motivation is to escape the mother's nagging behavior

Term

Integration Therapy

Definition

Useful for study of focused visual attention → necesary to perceive objects as objects and not features or part of an object

Term

Operant conditioning

Definition

Contrast effect due to frustration

Term

Relapse Prevention Intervention

Definition

When a person relapses the therapist shift attention from internal to external factors

Term

Strategic Family Therapy

Definition

Prescribing the symptoms is use to undermine family resistance to change

Term

In Beck Depression Model

Definition

Psychologists assign client to journal/record automatic thoughts

Term

Obsessive -Compulsive

Definition

The most effective therapy is in vivo exposure combine with respond prevention

Term

Couples therapy → when dealing with physical abuse

Definition

Physical abuse that is intrumental requires couple to physically separate and do individual therapy separate

Term

Suicide client who wants to stop treatment  

Definition

Psychologist encourages him/her to continue therapy and have him sign a no-suicidal contract

Term

Avoidance conditioning

Definition

Most effective technique → classical extinction. Avoidance response

 

CS is paired with US = CR of avoidance

Term

Reinforcement

Definition

Used to ↑ a behavior while punishment is use to ↓ a behavior

Term

Symmetrical v.s Complementary communication

Definition
  • In symmetrical communication, the two people mirror each others behavior. A symmetrical interaction can escalate into a "one-upsmanship" game in which each person tries to outdo the other. Symmetrical communication takes place between equals.
  • In complementary communication, one persons behavior complements the other persons behavior. Complementary communication occurs between people of unequal status.
Term

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin):

Definition

3 chronic boundary problems, or rigid triangles:

  • (1) Detouring occurs when parents focus on the child either by overprotecting the child or blaming ("scapegoating") the child for the familys problems.
  • (2) A stable coalition occurs when a parent and child form a cross-generational coalition and consistently "gang up" against the other parent.
  • (3) Triangulation (also known as an unstable coalition) occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him/her against the other parent. In this situation, the child is constantly being pulled in two directions.
Term

Solution-Focused Family Therapy:

Definition
  • Therapist and client co-construct a more inclusive reality.
  • Therapy focuses on identifying effective solutions rather than on uncovering the source and nature of problems.
  • Emphasis is on the future. Clients are viewed as the "experts"
  • Targets of therapy are concrete, well-formulated goals.
  • Use a variety of questions to help clients identify effective solutions. Use of the "miracle question,"
  • The answer to these questions helps the client externalize the problem so that an appropriate solution can be identified.
Term

Object Relations Family Therapy:

Definition

An important therapeutic tool for object relations family therapists is the interpretation of transferences, which are believed to underlie family dysfunction. According to Framo, a leading practitioner of object relations family therapy, therapy involves three stages early, middle, and terminal. Interpretation and working through of the transferences of family members to each other and to the therapist are the primary goals of the middle phase.

Term

Feminist Therapy:

Definition
  • Nonsexist therapists focus more on individual factors and on modifying personal behavior. 
  • Feminist therapists prioritize the role of sociopolitical factors in a womans psychological functioning and the need for social change.
  • The original object relations theories did not address the issue of gender, but feminists interested in this approach propose that gender differences can be traced to differences between same-gender and opposite-gender parenting practices: While males are taught to separate from their mothers, females are encouraged to stay attached. As a result of this discrepancy in socialization practices, male identity is defined in terms of separation, while female identity is based on relationships with others. From this perspective, differences in mother-son and mother-daughter relations and the fact that mothers continue to be the primary caregivers are the result of sociocultural influences that define gender-based roles.
Term

Hypnosis:

Definition

Hypnosis does not seem to enhance the recall of accurate memories and, in fact, may actually produce more pseudomemories (inaccurate or confabulated memories). In addition, people are often more willing to believe that false or uncertain memories are true when they have been recalled under hypnosis.

Term

Parallel process in supervision

Definition

Occurs when a therapist (supervisee) replicates problems and symptoms with the supervisor that are being manifested by the client.

Term

Diagnostic overshadowing

Definition

Was originally described by S. Reiss et al. (1982) in connection with the assessment of people with mental retardation and has since been applied to other situations and diagnoses. Overshadowing occurs when the salience of one disorder (e.g., mental retardation) "overshadows" consideration or recognition of another disorder.

Term

Diversity Issues Research:

Definition
  • The effects of psychotherapy for members of culturally-diverse groups have found that, when compared to the rate for Anglos, premature termination rates are higher for some groups (African-Americans) but lower for others (Asian-Americans).
  • The studies have also shown that ethnic matching of client and therapist may reduce premature dropout but has less effect on other outcome measures. Apparently, the therapists attitudes, values, and cultural sensitivity are more important than ethnic matching.
  • Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that mental health service outcomes were best for Mexican-Americans, followed by Anglos, Asian-Americans, and, lastly, African-Americans.
Term

Diversity Issues Therapeutic Approaches:

Definition
  • Boyd-Franklin, African-American families respond best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by directly incorporating its strengths into the treatment.
  • LaFromboise and colleagues recommend network therapy as an effective approach for Native Americans. It incorporates members of the clients family, tribe, and community into treatment. Therapists primary role is that of catalyst.
Term

Culturally-encapsulated counselors

Definition

Wrenn - culturally-encapsulated counselors

  • (a) define everyones reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes;
  • (b) disregard cultural differences;
  • (c) ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs;
  • (d) rely on traditional techniques and strategies to solve problems; and
  • (e) disregard their own cultural biases.
Term

Acculturation

Definition

Berry et al. - propose that a persons level of acculturation can be described in terms of the persons acceptance of the values, standards, practices, etc. of his/her own minority culture and those of the majority (dominant) culture. Different combinations of the two factors produce four levels of acculturation: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. For example, a person is marginalized when he rejects his/her own minority culture and the culture of the majority group.

Term

High- and Low-context communication

Definition

From the cross-cultural psychology literature.

  • Low-context communication is characteristic of Anglo-Americans and emphasizes verbal messages.
  • High-context communication is characteristic of African-Americans and other culturally-diverse groups. It emphasizes group identification, group meanings, and nonverbal messages.
Term

Worldview is an important consideration in cross-cultural counseling

Definition

D. Sue  describes worldview in terms of two dimensions:

  • locus of responsibility and locus of control. According to Sue, members of minority groups who have an external locus of responsibility and an external locus of control feel there is little they can do to overcome prejudice and discrimination and, consequently, exhibit the characteristics of learned helplessness. A therapist working with this type of client is most effective when he or she teaches the client new coping strategies, devises ways to increase the clients successful experiences, and validates who and what the client represents.
Term

Atkinson, Morten, and Sues Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

Definition

Atkinson, Morten, and Sues Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (also known as the Minority Identity Development, or MID, model) describes five stages of identity development:

  • conformity,
  • dissonance,
  • resistance and immersion,
  • introspection, and
  • synergetic (integrative) awareness.

Each stage represents a different combination of attitudes toward ones own minority group, other minority groups, and the dominant (majority) group. The final synergetic awareness stage, for example, is characterized by appreciation of ones own and other minority groups and selective appreciation of the dominant group. People in this stage are interested in the elimination of all forms of oppression and recognize that all cultures have both desirable and undesirable aspects.

Term

Racial identity development (Helms)

 

Research on her model has confirmed her proposal that stage of identity development affects the therapeutic process. For instance, studies have shown that the higher a white therapists stage of identity development, the greater his/her effectiveness when working with clients from culturally-diverse groups

Definition

Helms- white racial identity development involves six stages:

  • contact,
  • disintegration,
  • reintegration,
  • pseudo-independence,
  • immersion-emersion, and
  • autonomy.
Term

Troidens - Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model

Definition

distinguishes between four stages:

  • sensitization and feeling different;
  • self-recognition and identity confusion;
  • identity assumption; and commitment and
  • identity integration.
Term

Psychotherapy with Older Adults

20 to 22% of older adults meet the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder (APA, 2004). Similar to those of younger adults. Conditions that are more common :

  • anxiety,
  • severe cognitive impairment, and
  • depression.
Definition

older adults "respond well to a variety of forms of psychotherapy and can benefit to a degree comparable with younger adults … though often responding more slowly". No single treatment modality is best suited. Gatz et al. (1998) conclude that (1) behavioral and environmental interventions have been "well-established" as effective approaches for behavior problems associated with dementia; (2) memory and cognitive retraining have been found "probably efficacious" for patients with dementia; and (e) cognitive, behavioral, and brief psychodynamic therapies have been shown to be "probably efficacious" as treatments for depression.

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