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Clinical Psych Chapter 15. Final Exam
some terms and concepts
62
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/14/2009

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Term

What is a Psychological Disorder?

Definition

A pattern of behavior, cognition, emotion, or physical symptoms demonstrated by an individual.

 

[[Distress, Impairment, increased risk for maladaptation]]

Term
Caveat
Definition
Sometimes expectable
Term
What is maladaptiveness?
Definition

Behaviors or feelings that include one or more of the following:

  • Physically damaging
  • emotionally suffering
  • Interfere with daily life
  • Lose touch with reality and cannot control thoughts
Term

What is the DSM-IV?

[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition]]

Definition
  • A list that characterizes disorders
  • All clinicians use it
  • Helpful for communcations between the clinicians and the patient
Term
What are the weaknesses of DSM-IV?
Definition
  1. Not as neat as it appears
  2. Comorbidity is more rule
Term
What are some biological approaches to mental disorders?
Definition
  1. The structured brain
  2. Biochemical cues
  3. Genetic factors
Term
What is a phobia?
Definition
An intense and irrational fear
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder [[GAD]]
Definition
excessive and not focused
Term
Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder [[PTSD]]
Definition
fear, horror, hypervigilance, re-experiencing a life changing event
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Trial and error.. Learning by reward and punishment
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
associative learning. [[Dogs hear bell, they salivate because they know that food is coming]]
Term
What is the causal Attribution theory?

[[Learned helplessness theory]]
Definition
-attribute negative events to the internal, global, and stable factors
-expect them to recur in the future
-expect them recur in many areas of life
Term
What are some symptoms of a panic disorder?
Definition
-Numbness
-pounding heartbeat
-sweating
-shaking
-chest pain
Term
Neurotransmitter Bio theory for schizophrenia?
Definition
-norepinephrine is in locus cerulues
-seratonin is too high or too low
Term
Kindling bio theory for schizophrenia?
Definition
poorly regulated fight or flight system
Term
suffocation false alarm theory for schizophrenia?
Definition
hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide
Term
what is the cognitive model?
Definition
-pay attention to bodily sensations
-misinterpret those sensations in negative ways
-results in snowballing catastrophic thinking
Term
vulnerability theory for schizophrenia?
Definition
a cause of schizophrenia can be both biological and psychological
Term
what is OCD?
Definition
the persistant intrusion of thoughts or images and the compulsive need to perform certain behavior patterns..
Term
what results in the breaking of the patterns of a person with OCD?
Definition
severe anxiety
Term
what is a compulsion?
Definition
repetitive behaviors that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession as a way of reducing distress
Term
what is the biological theory behind ocd?
Definition
-signals are usually sent through the frontal cortex--basal ganglia--thalamus.
- in OCD like behavior, the impulse isnt shut off
-depletion of seratonin
-genetic links
Term
what is the cognitive-behavioral theory of ocd?
Definition
complusion reinforces by reducing anxiety
Term
what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
Definition
-extreme emotional agitation
-optimism
-elation
Term
emotional symptoms of depression?
Definition
-sadness
-irritability
Term
psychological and behavioral symptoms of depression?
Definition
-sleep and appetite disturbance
-fatigue/loss of energy
Term
cognitive symptoms of depression?
Definition
-poor concentration/attention
-indecisiveness
-poor self esteem
Term
biological theories for depression?
Definition
-genetics
-neurotransmitter dysregulation
-brain abnormalities
Term
what are the 4 areas related to abnormalities in the brain ?
[[depression]]
Definition
-prefrontal cortex
-hippocampus
-anterior cingulated cortex
-amygdala
Term
what is the negative cognitive triad theory?
Definition
-you have a negative view you yourself, the world, and the future
-you draw negative conclusions based on limited evidence
-ignore the good, focus and exaggerate the bad.
Term
what is the ruminative response style?
Definition
- you focus more on how you feel rather than trying to do something about it.
-much more like in women
Term
what is schizophrenia?
Definition
a pattern of severely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that severely impairs the ability to communicate and relate to others and disrupts most aspects of daily functioning
Term
what are neologisms?
Definition
new words that only have meaning to person speaking them
Term
what are loose associations?
Definition
a thought is logically unconnected
Term
clang associations?
Definition
based on a words double meaning or the way it sounds
Term
what is a word salad?
Definition
a jumbled mix of words that represent chaotic thoughts
Term
what are delusions of influence?
Definition
-a category of content of thinking.
-the belief that one's bodys, thinking, or behavior is being controlled by external forces
Term
what is thought insertion?
Definition
the belief that other peoples thoughts are appearing in one's own mind
Term
what is thought broadcasting?
Definition
the belief that one's thoughts can be broadcast to others
Term
what are self-significant delusions?
Definition
-a category of content
-exaggerated beliefs strictly based upon oneself
Term
what are delusions of persecution?
Definition
-a category of content.
-beliefs that others are out to harass or harm you
Term
what are hallucinations?
Definition
-basically false perceptions
-can create sights, smells, tastes, touch, sounds
Term
what are common symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
-lack of motivation
-bad personal hygiene
Term
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
additions to a persons mental life.
-hallucinations
Term
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
they subtract elements from a person's mental life
-reduced speech
-social withdrawal
Term
what is another way to categorize schizophrenia?
Definition
-psychotic[[delusions and hallucinations]]
-disorganized[[chaotic behavior/inappropriate emotion]]
-negative[[lack of speech/motivation]]
Term
what is the odd-eccentric cluster?
Definition
paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
Term
what is the dramatic-erratic cluster?
Definition
histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders
Term
what is the anxious-fearful cluster?
Definition
dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders
Term
what is the externalizing category of disorders?
Definition
group of disorders that are disturbing to those in the child's environment
Term
what are conduct disorders?
Definition
appear in children around age 11/12, and involve aggression, destructiveness, disobedience and other problematic behaviors that may show development of antisocial personality disorder
adhd is included under this category
Term
what is the internalizing category of disorders?
Definition
disorders includes distress, especially depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal
-separation anxiety disorder- child is afraid of being lost or parent being harmed
Term
What is the pervasive developmental disorders category?
Definition
show severe deficits in communication, impaired social relationships, and often, repetitive stereotyped behaviors and unusual preoccupations and interests.
--autism.
Term
what is The biopsychosocial model?
Definition
looks at abnormal behavior as caused by a combination and interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Term
what is Axis 1?
Definition
descriptive criteria of sixteen major mental disorders
Term
what is axis 2?
Definition
personality disorders and mental retardation.
Term
what is axis 3?
Definition
physical conditions or disorders
Term
what is axis 4?
Definition
types and levels of stress.
Term
what is axis 5?
Definition
rating of the highest level of functioning
Term
what are mood disorders?
Definition
persistent extreme mood swings that are inconsistent with environmental events.
Term
what are major depressive disorders?
Definition
involves feelings of sadness, hopelessness, inadequacy, worthlessness, and guilt that persist for long periods. Also common are changes or disturbances in eating habits, sleep, decision making, and concentration
Term
what is dysthymic disorder?
Definition
similar to those of major depressive disorder but to a lesser degree and spread out over a longer time period.
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