Term
| What is clinical pathology? |
|
Definition
| the choice, use, & interpretation of lab tests to Dx Dz, nearly always in live animals |
|
|
Term
| What are the uses of clinical pathology? |
|
Definition
1. Confirm or outrule particular dz (or dz shortlist) b/o pt's Hx & CS
2. Screen for dz in sick animal where Hx & CS don't point to a particular Dz
3. Search for subclinical Dz in animals for sale or competition, or at-risk animals (e.g. after calving) or to help decide if a pt is a good candidate for Sx
4. Assess severity of a Dz to form a Px
5. Monitor effectiveness of Tx |
|
|
Term
| What is the most cost-efficient way to use clin path? |
|
Definition
| Confirm or outrule particular dz (or dz shortlist) b/o pt's Hx & CS |
|
|
Term
| What does clin path include? |
|
Definition
| Hematology, Cytology, Clin Biochem, Parasit, Serology, Microbio |
|
|
Term
| How are results interpreted critically? |
|
Definition
| By comparison w/ relevant reference ranges & taking Hx & CS fully into consideration |
|
|
Term
| How are abnormalities ranked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are reference ranges? |
|
Definition
| the lower & upper limits of any test for 95% of a group of 40 or more healthy animals |
|
|
Term
| What % of healthy animals will lie below or above the reference range for any given test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what demographics should labs est. their own reference values? |
|
Definition
| Species; Breed (Gender, age, physiological state would be too expensive) |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the effectiveness of using ranges provided by manufacturers for their instruments. |
|
Definition
| Less effective than using laboratory reference ranges. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of a platelet count of 167 x 10^3/ml? (200-400) |
|
Definition
| Below reference range, but doesn't indicate serious thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What is a WBC count 25 x 10^3/ml considered in the dog (6-17)? Horse (5-10)? |
|
Definition
| Mild leukocytosis; Serious |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of a PCV of 33% (35-50)? |
|
Definition
| Too marginal to be considered anemia on its own |
|
|
Term
| Is an eosinophil cout of 1.4 x 10^3/ml (0.3-1.2) a real eosinophilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Automated assessment of results as ''low'' or ''high'' are often _____, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can reduce the # of tests to be performed & incur less cost to clients? |
|
Definition
| Establishing a short list of diff. dx b/o hx (incl. signalment) & CS |
|
|
Term
| What determines the type of sample to submit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sample should be submitted for a CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethylene Diamine Tetracetate |
|
|
Term
| What should be done upon obtaining results from the lab? |
|
Definition
| Compare w/ ref. ranges for sp.; Note all values outside ref. ranges; Rank as mild/mod/marked to determine sig; Connect changes w/ possible Dx or Diff Dx, allowing for Hx & CS; Decide if other tests req'd to confirm/narrow Dx |
|
|
Term
| What factors can influence results? |
|
Definition
| Pre-Analytical, Analytical, & Post-Analytical |
|
|
Term
| Pre-Analytical Factors may be _____-related. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinician-related Pre-analytical factors: |
|
Definition
| use of good collection technique, use of suitable sample (anticoagulated or clotted), analysis of samples ASAP d/o stability, proper handling of samples wrt storage & ambient temp, provision of concise Hx & CS to lab if exporting |
|
|
Term
| Animal-related pre-analytical factors: |
|
Definition
| Pt fasted (sm an)/rested/calm when bled (lg an) before sample collection; An should be sampled before Tx starts (drugs can affect results) |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of how drugs can affect test results. |
|
Definition
| Steroids lower lymphocyte counts, Fluids w/ Ca-borogluconate may increase serum Glc, antibiotics affect C&S test results |
|
|
Term
| What are some fixed, animal-related pre-analytical factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some transient, animal-related, pre-analytical factors? |
|
Definition
| Exercise, Fear, Pregnancy, Lactation, Feeding, Drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of equip, & whether reliable & well-maintained, precise & accurate; Skill & experience of tech; QC practiced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clerical errors, use of wrong ref range, interpretation errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A snapshot of a dynamic event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood, urine, body fluids, feces, lavages, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What should be done before collecting lab samples? |
|
Definition
| Ensure you have nec. equip (needles, syringes, glass slides, slide mailers, cotton, alcohol, vacutainers/blood tubes, sterilin tubes, pencil, notebook) |
|
|
Term
| What do anticoagulants do? |
|
Definition
| Prevent clot formation when mixed w/ blood |
|
|
Term
| How do EDTA & oxalate anticoagulants affect results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sodium salts of anticoagulants affect results? |
|
Definition
| Invalidate sodium electrolyte results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Test req'd: Hematology
Anticoagulant: ________
Color: _____
Reason Used: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anticoagulants can be used for Biochemistry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color cap is Li-heparin? Reason used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color cap is No anticoagulant? Reason used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Test req'd: Glc
Anticoagulant: _____
Color: _____
Reason used: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Test req'd: Coagulation
Anticoagulant:
Color:
Reason used: |
|
Definition
| Na-Citrate; Blue; Coagulation |
|
|
Term
| What should be done if the vein is ''lost?'' |
|
Definition
| Consider starting again to avoid clots |
|
|
Term
Site of Blood Collection:
a) Lg an
b) Lg canine
c) Sm canine
d) Feline
e) Porcine
f) Rabbit/Swine
g) Avian
h) Iguana
i) Exotics
j) Parrot |
|
Definition
a) Jug
b) Ceph
c) Jug
d) Jug/Ceph
e) Ant VC
f) Ear
g) Wing
h) Tail
i) Ear
j) Cubital |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the jug/ceph, where can blood be taken in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Radial (brachial) & saphenous (tibial) vv. |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to raise the jug in cattle? |
|
Definition
| Thumb, rope, or jug. clamp |
|
|
Term
What time should blood be collected?
a) Lg an
b) Lg dog
c) Sm dog
d) Cat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the jugular, what v. can be used to bleed cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the ant. VC accessed in pigs? |
|
Definition
| Under cartilage @ ant. tip of sternum |
|
|
Term
| What should be done before expelling blood into the blood container? Why? |
|
Definition
| Remove the needle from the syringe to avoid causing hemolysis (rupture to RBC) |
|
|
Term
| What should be done with a clotted blood sample? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be included in blood sample paperwork? |
|
Definition
| Date of collection, name of owner, sex, age, ID, breed, species of animal, animal's Hx, CS, previous results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A suspension of cells in plasma |
|
|
Term
| What happens when anticoagulated blood is centrifuged? |
|
Definition
| blood cells are packed & separated from plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is separated from a blood sample if it clots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lab results for P & S compare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are blood & most fluids stable at a cool room temp? In a fridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done w/ refrigerated blood before analysis? |
|
Definition
| it should be brought back to room temp |
|
|
Term
| Can whole blood be frozen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done if blood can't be analyzed immediately & is for CBC? |
|
Definition
| Make several blood smears (2-3) from EDTA sample, air dry, place in slide mailer & post w/ sample to lab |
|
|
Term
| What temperature should blood be refrigerated at for CBC later? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done if blood sample is intended for clin chem? |
|
Definition
| P or S must be separated from blood cells & refrigerated/frozen ASAP |
|
|
Term
| How can clot formation be enhanced in plain tubes? |
|
Definition
| using a tube w/ gel or placing the sample in a water bath at 37C |
|
|
Term
| In what species is blood fibrinogen particularly useful? Why? |
|
Definition
| Cattle - WBC counts are not so reliable |
|
|
Term
| What is the least accurate of the 3 ways of measuring O2CC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of polycythemia in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate of the 3 RBC indices? Why? |
|
Definition
| MCHC; Doesn't depend on RBC for calculation |
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by hyperchromasia? |
|
Definition
| Artefactual due to hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What animal does not release immature RBCs into circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the least accurate of the RBC indices when calculated from manual measurements of RBC & Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does excess EDTA affect RBC indices? |
|
Definition
| Leads to shrinkage of RBCs, lower PCV & MCV |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to artificially elevated MCV? |
|
Definition
| Samples >24h old (swelling) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 methods of making blood smears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of Romanowsky stains. |
|
Definition
| Wright's, May-Grunwald-Giemsa, Leishman's, Diff-quick |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a vital stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does formalin do to blood smears? |
|
Definition
| Gives them an overall blue tint |
|
|
Term
| Where and on what power should one search for microfilariae? |
|
Definition
| Towards the feathered edge of the smear, on low power (10X) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In species other than dog/cat/horse, what does rouleaux formation indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increased globulin & fibrinogen & inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in the size of RBCs in a blood smear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of purple/blueish RBCs in a blood smear due to presence of residual RNA in the cytoplasm of immature RBC, even after the nucleus has been expelled |
|
|
Term
| What may be the only sign of RBC regeneration in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hypochromasia? When does it occur? |
|
Definition
| presence of RBCs w/ an increased area of central pallor in a blood smear due to decreased Hb; occurs in iron-deficiency anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct round deep-staining bodies in RBCs from the presence of DNA remnants of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is basophilic stippling? |
|
Definition
| punctate blue-purple staining redundant RNA cytoplasmic material which is seen when smears are stained with Romanowsky stains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enucleate immature RBCs containing residual RNA & mt in an aggregate or punctate pattern, when NMB stain is used instead of routine blood stain; polychromatophilic when stained routinely |
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive test for RBC regeneration? (Except in horses) |
|
Definition
| Finding reticulocytes w/ NMB stain |
|
|
Term
| When enumerating reticulocytes, how many RBC are examined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ORP suggests RBC regen? CRP? ARC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do CRP and ARC correct for? |
|
Definition
| diminishing #s of mature RBCs in severe anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A general term for abnormally shaped RBCs in a blood smear |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of poikilocytes. |
|
Definition
| Acanthocytes, Dacrocytes, Stomatocytes, Schistocytes, Spherocytes, Leptocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crenated RBCs (RBCs w/ lg # of sm evenly-sized spikes which can be artifactual or pathological) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Type II echinocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of echinocytes are common in ruminant blood smears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are type II echinocytes associated with? |
|
Definition
| Snake bites, toxemia, glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBCs w/ a few lg blunt irregularly-spaced spicules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocyte fragments w/ pointed extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small dense RBC w/o central pallor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin flat RBCs w/ an increased membrane to volume ratio |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Heinz bodies? |
|
Definition
| ER/Erythrocyte Refractile Bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidation-induced denatured precipitated clumps of Hb, showing as sm red protrusions from RBC membranes in Romanowsky-stianed smears & prominent blue structures partly w/i the RBC in NMB-stained smears |
|
|
Term
| How many negative results must be obtained in fecal occult blood test to outrule GI hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of EC parasites. |
|
Definition
| Trypanosoma & Dirofilaria |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of IC parasites. |
|
Definition
| Babesia, Theileria, Rickettsia (Anaplasma, Eperythrozoon, Cytauxzoon) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an epicellular parasite. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more pathogenic: Anaplasma centrale or A. marginale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the predilection sites of dirofilaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of IMHA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of anemia in dogs & cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 broad groups can leukocytes be divided into? |
|
Definition
| Granulocytes (PMNs) & Mononuclear cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
|
|
Term
| What are some mononuclear cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of WBC count? |
|
Definition
| Total, Differential, Absolute |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 methods of total WBC count & which is the most accurate? |
|
Definition
| Estimated>Manual>Automated |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the differential WBC count, but subtracted when the results are being interpreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has the highest total WBC count? Lowest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do young or old animals have higher total WBC counts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most numerous leukocytes? (~90%) |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils & Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What animals have more neutrophils than lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have more lymphocytes than neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Goats |
|
|
Term
| What population of WBC is estimated by total WBC count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What population of WBC is responsible for physiological leukocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major pathological cause of leukocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation a/o necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Pelger-Huet anomaly? |
|
Definition
| An inherited defect where all granulocyte nuclei appear immature (asymptomatic) |
|
|
Term
| What animals display Pelger-Huet anomaly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What defect is seen in Rottweilers & Dobermans? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophil Bactericidal Defect |
|
|
Term
| What neutrophil defect is seen in grey collies? |
|
Definition
|
|
