Term
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Definition
| natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects |
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Term
| Attitudes towards substances |
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Definition
| Large variation in attitude towards alcohol use between cultures and over time; USA has complicated attitudes towards drinking; large underage drinking punishment but media and social situations condone drinking |
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Term
| Age and location most likely to use drugs |
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Definition
| 18-25; in metropolitan areas |
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Term
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Definition
| maladaptive behavioral/psychological symptoms due to drug’s effect on CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical significant distress after stopping or reducing drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| when recurrent substance abuse leads to significant harmful consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| when substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment/distress; symptoms include tolerance and withdrawal |
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Term
| Brain areas/neurotransmitters upon which drugs usually act |
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Definition
| VTA and NAcc; dopamine, serotonin, enkephalins, GABA affected |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzodiazepines and barbiturates, opiates, inhalants, alcohol |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates |
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Definition
| prescribed sedatives; GABA agonistis (low dose is relaxing, high dose causes loss of coordination, judgment/concentration problems); used for anti-anxiety, anti-seizure, sleeping aid |
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Term
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Definition
| morphine, herion, codeine, vicodin, oxycontin, methadone (weans people off opiates) |
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Term
| Opioid intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| euphoria, then bad mood, nausea, muscle aches, discharge, pupil dilation, goose bumps, sweating, diarrhea, insomnia |
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Term
| Opioid withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| fatigue/drowsiness, anxiety/depression, nausea/vomiting |
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Term
| Number of opiate receptors and pain tolerance |
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Definition
| Varies among people; people with more receptors have a higher pain tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates CNS, increases dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, adrenaline levels; blocks adenosine receptors which induce sleepiness |
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Term
| Caffeine intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| restlessness, nervousness, flushed face, upset stomach, urination |
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Term
| Caffeine withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| fatigue/drowsiness, headache, irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholinergic, monoamine, opioid agonist; arousal, alertness, SNS activation increased; prevalence: 30% |
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Term
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Definition
| depression, insomnia irritability, frustration, anxiety, decreased heart rate, increased appetite/weight gain; cessation is extremely difficult |
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Term
| Nicotine brain activity modulation |
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Definition
| dopamine release in NAcc; inhibits GABAergic inhibition of glutamatergic/dopaminergic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause release of dopamine/norepinephrine and block reuptake, persistent dopaminergic downregulation; prevalence:4% |
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Term
| Amphetamine/cocaine intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| increased attention, decreased fatigue, euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulant, man-made, long lasting high, remains in the body for extended period of time, increases dopamine release/blocks reuptake limited medical use; limbic system and hippocampus greatly effected |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulant and local anesthetic, plant-derived, smoking produces brief high, stays in body for short periods of time, blocks dopamine reuptake, can be used in surgical procedures |
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Term
| Cocaine intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| behavioral changes, irritability, anxiety, pupil dilation, blood pressure changes, nausea/vomiting, slowed breathing, seizures |
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Term
| Cocaine snorting vs. smoking |
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Definition
| Snorting -> longer, less intense high; smoking -> shorter, more intense high |
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Term
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Definition
| Interventions + cognitive behavioral treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| group of substances including LSD and MDMA (ecstasy); PCP is a powder snorted or smoked; not hallucinogen but has similar effects |
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Term
| Hallucinogens/PCP intoxication symptom |
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Definition
| behavioral/perceptual changes, pupil dilation, rapid heartbeat, sweating, blurred vision, panic, tremors |
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Term
| Hallucinogens/PCP withdrawal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Causes serotonin release, blocks uptake; potentiates dopamine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| MDMA intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| acts within an hour, increased energy, empathy, relaxation/less social anxiety, enhanced senses, hyperthermia (can cause muscle breakdown/kidney failure) |
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Term
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Definition
| depression and aggression for several days after intoxication, short term memory deficits, memory may be effected |
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Term
| Genetics and substance use |
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Definition
| Personality characteristics linked with substance abuse include impulsivity, sensation seeking, aggression, lack of concern for consequences; Comorbid disorders caused by genetics may also lead to substance abuse (depression, bipolar, SZ, APD |
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Term
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Definition
| High dopaminergic and opioid receptor density; Natural rewards and drugs increase NAcc activity |
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Term
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Definition
| shell – receives dopaminergic projections from VTA, excitatory projections from amygdala, hippocampus, medial PFC; core – responsible for motor responses related to projections from shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Tampering with neurotransmitter levels through drug use causes less receptors and neural damage; less receptors/neurotransmitters cause craving/withdrawal; Craving/seeking behavior maintained by glutamate |
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Term
| Behavioral/cognitive theories and substance use |
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Definition
| substance-related behaviors learned from parents and other important people in cultures; substances can substitute for failure to attain goals |
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Term
| Sociocultural theories and substance use |
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Definition
| environment may support substance use; some substances are more acceptable for one gender than for another; abuse patterns differ between men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled withdrawal from substance |
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Term
| Antidepressants/sedatives and substance abuse therapy |
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Definition
| help with withdrawal, may reduce relapse |
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Term
| Antagonist medications and substance abuse treatment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduce alcohol effects and those of morphine/heroine |
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Term
| Disulfiram and substance abuse treatment |
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Definition
| induces nausea when alcohol is consumed |
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Term
| Methadone and substance abuse treatment |
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Definition
| synthetic opioid; blocks heroine receptors; can also be addictive; relatively good outcome |
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Term
| Behavioral/cognitive treatments for substance abuse |
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Definition
| o Aversive conditioning, covert sensitization therapy (imagine bad consequences); cue exposure (extinction of conditioning); cognitive/social therapy; prevention |
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Term
| Cannabis intoxication symptoms |
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Definition
| time distortion, hunger, motor impairment, drowsiness, hallucinations, paranoia |
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Term
| Cannabis neurological effects |
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Definition
| Ca++ channels close, neurotransmitter release less likely to be released |
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Term
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Definition
| Most present in hippocampus/cerebellum; other higher order brain regions |
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Term
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Definition
| LTP inhibited by glutamate reduction to the point that NMDA receptors are not activated |
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Term
| Cannabis withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| less hunger, more dreams, more irritable |
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Term
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Definition
| THC causes SZ-like qualities;smoke more pot, more likely to have SZ; CB1 receptor polymorphisms may be related to SZ; cerebellar impairment in SZ and THC users |
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Term
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Definition
| self-esteem, personal control, optimism, extraversion, intimacy, religious conviction, health, work satisfaction, genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Money doesn’t buy happiness unless you are so poor that you do not have basic necessities that can be obtained with money |
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Term
| Relationships and happiness |
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Definition
| Men happier when married than single men are; older couples happier than younger couples; couples with children who have left home are happier than those without children |
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Term
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Definition
| one specific to stressor (heat->sweating); one non-specific, the same for every stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial SNS, hormonal response in general adaptation response; uses energy only for senses and important bodily functions; HR, BP, breathing, alertness increase, sleep inhibited |
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Term
| Alarm stage hormonal pathways |
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Definition
| Pituitary -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol; SNS -> adrenal medulla -> epinephrine (adrenaline) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease glucose/increase lipids -> hunger; increased cortisol, decreased protein synthesis, increased anxiety/depression vulnerability; immunosuppression |
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Term
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Definition
| less resources, fatigue, increased BP, risk for heart disease, strokes, reproductive disorders, hippocampal neurons destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| Mild stress may enhance learning; prolonged, serious stress leads to less dendrites and less neurogenesis in hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| may cause amygdala hypertrophy which makes people more sensitive to emotion during stress |
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Term
| Stress response and sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| Stress response enhanced when sleep deprived; Increased BP, increased cortisol, increased ghrelin/decreased leptin, decreased neurogenesis in hippocampus, can affect cognition, spatial memory, increases fighting, distractability |
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Term
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Definition
| easier if sociable, happy family, exercise, control life, positive outlook, nurturing mother |
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Term
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Definition
| severe, often persistent disorder subsequent to a traumatic event; re-experience of traumatic event, enhanced arousal, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to traumatic event (person experienced actual/threatened death/serious injury), person responded with intense fear; Event re-experienced; recurrent memories, nightmares, intense distress; psychological reactivity to cues resembling event; Avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma/numbing of responsiveness; Symptoms for more than one month and cause psychosocial/occupational distress/impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% prevalence in women; 5% in men; Rates higher in developing countries, esp. those at war; Very common in war vets; 32% of WWII vets had PTSD 50 years after the war; Increased likelihood for PTSD if forced to participate, no protective training, seeing others in distress, Hispanic, more exposures to trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual torture and physical torture (illegal); psychological manipulations, humiliating treatments, forced stress positions, sensory discomfort, deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Those not physically tortured are just as likely to have PTSD as those who were physically tortured; distress level/amount of control during torture are better PTSD predictors |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol/substance disorders, partner aggression, divorce, depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Severity of trauma, female, physiological hyperactivity, history of trauma, lack of social support; genetics play very small role |
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Term
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Definition
| PTSD patients tend to have smaller hippocampal volumes; this is more of a genetic effect according to twin studies; patients have lower thalamus, anterior singulate cortex and PFC activity when thinking about trauma; less limbic inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure therapies – response extinction, reduce avoidance; Anxiety management – relaxation, breathing, self-talk, education; Avoiding self-blame |
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Term
| PTSD pharmacological treatment |
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Definition
| SSRIs have modest effects; Antipsychotic effects may help, especially for hallucinations, paranoia, dissociation, anger |
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Term
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Definition
| Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine |
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