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Definition
| A disturbance of language skills caused by brain damage, usually in the left hemisphere (stroke, tumour, head trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, etc.) |
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Definition
| A loss of all language skills |
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| most common error types in aphasia: phonological, verbal, neologism, semantic, morphological |
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Term
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Definition
| Some sounds are deleted, added, substituted or misplaced but the intended word (target) can still be identified. TEAMS -> KEAMS |
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| Word said is real and closely related to intended word in form but not in meaning. HOOK -> BOOK |
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| Invented a word that is far away from the target word. FIRE -> FIYEST |
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| Substitution of the target word with another word that is related in meaning. TABLE -> CHAIR |
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| Deletion or substitution of a suffix. SINGING-> SING or SINGS |
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Definition
| poor articulation with otherwise fine language skills, but frequent with other more complex forms of aphasa, i.e. Broca's aphasia |
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Definition
| word finding difficulty (tip of the tongue), most common symptom of aphasia; pure anomia is lexical access deficit with no other language problem, when modality-specific (oral or written) an indicator of damage to phonological or orthographic output lexicon |
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Term
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Definition
| 'telegraphic' speech, coherent message with real words but poor sentence construction and few 'function' words |
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Definition
| good articulation, use of real words, grammatical sentences, but incoherent discourse due to incorrect choice of words, often cannot repeat accurately |
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Definition
| Affects speech production, repetition in particular, phonological errors, disconnection of Broca’s area from Wernicke’s area through a lesion of the arcuate fasciculus, a bundle of fibres that connects these two areas |
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Definition
| Broca's aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, etc., syndromes based on association of symptoms not the causes of the symptoms |
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Term
| cognitive neuropsychological classes of aphasias |
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Definition
| semantic deficits, deficits to phonological output lexicon, postlexical deficits, deep dysphasia, etc., focused on what causes the problems |
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Term
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Definition
| input (picture, word, thought)->semantic system, phonological lexicon->post-lexical phonology->output (spoken word) |
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Definition
| difficulty in all tasks requiring access to meaning, regardless of input or output modality (spoken, written, etc), can be category-specific, affects all levels of language |
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Definition
| substitution of a semantically related response, i.e. 'red' - 'blue', 'apple' - 'fruit', 'sneeze' - 'nose' |
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Definition
| Progressive loss of conceptual knowledge due to neurodegenerative brain disease, targeting inferior & middle temporal lobe, usually begins with anomia |
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Term
| clues to phonological lexicon deficits |
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Definition
| semantic paraphasias with demonstrated comprehension, circumlocutions, phonologically related word errors (cable->table), not knowing responses |
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Term
| disorders of written language |
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Definition
| alexia, dyslexia, agraphia, dysgraphia; can be present without impaired spoken language |
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Term
| phonological dyslexia or dysgraphia |
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Definition
| deficit with unfamiliar words and pseudo-words (made-up word), errors are no response, phonological (saying it wrong), lexicalisation (saying a real word that sounds similar), giving only partial answer; familiar words are read much better, it's a deficit to the sublexical (phonological/analytical) reading/spelling route |
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Term
| surface dyslexia or dysgraphia |
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Definition
| regular words and pseudo-words (fake words) are better than irregular words (ocean, yacht). Regularisation errors in reading (saying it the way it looks but incorrectly-'ossyan', 'yakt'), spelling incorrectly but in a phonologically plausible way ('oshen', 'yot'); deficit along lexical route (whole word, global processing) |
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| "deep" dyslexia or dysgraphia |
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Definition
| Very poor reading of nonwords and some real words, especially low frequency, abstract, and grammatical (function) words; errors include lexicalisations (making nonwords real words), semantic errors (related word-key feature), visual/phonological errors (words that look/sound similar), function word substitutions (like 'you' for 'my'), morphological errors (wrong/missing suffixes, teaching instead of teach); one theory is that deep dyslexia reflects limited reading capacity of right hemisphere that is seen when left hemisphere is very badly damaged |
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Term
| prelexical processes in reading |
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Definition
| recognising shapes as letters, recognising which letter is which, recognising letters' relationships to each other to form words |
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Term
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Definition
| letter by letter reading, specific reading deficit sometimes pure, lesions in left temporo-occipital region, strong effect of word length, letter confusion errors |
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Definition
| read words incorrectly because neglecting one side of word (hug for huge, missed the 'e') |
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Definition
| problem selecting or executing letters, affects spelling of words and non-words, sometimes only affects oral spelling or writing not both, sometimes better with lowercase or uppercase |
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Definition
| can form letters well but sometimes substitute visually similar letters or alternate case |
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| poorly formed letters, production of letter-like shapes |
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Definition
| abnormally spaced letters and impaired word orientation |
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| omission and addition of letters and strokes, multiple stroke letters and double letters |
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Definition
| individual letters, whole words or sentences in reverse direction, errors with the left hand |
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Definition
| neglect one side of paper when writing |
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Definition
| left fusiform gyrus of ventral temporo-occipital region, responds to written words more than consonant strings no matter where they are displayed in space; functional role unknown, controversial theory that it is specialised for reading |
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Definition
| anomia, little to no problems with comprehension, sometimes problems with syntax, like talking to a child who is just learning to talk; lesions to frontal lobe |
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Definition
| fluid but incomprehensible speech full of jargon, neologisms or real words that don't make sense but sounds grammatically sound, problems with comprehension (speech and writing usually) and repeating things, as conversing in a foreign language that they are not very good with yet |
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