Term
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Definition
| Hippocampus, fornix, mammillary body, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, other areas of cortex, hippocampus again. Lesion in any of these areas causes memory problems, especially bilateral. |
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Term
| Core structure of Papez Circuit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Band of brain tissue surrounding the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| White matter tract that arches from the hippocampus around the third ventricle to the mammillary body |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the mammillary body to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus also called the mammillothalamic fasciculus |
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Term
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Definition
| Limbic system structure involved in memory consolidation, located in the temporal horn of lateral ventricle (medial temporal lobe); part of Papez ciruit, projects to fornix and receives projections from the cortex. |
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Term
| Why is memory strongly linked to emotion? |
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Definition
| The Papez circuit runs parallel to the amygdala pathway through the stria terminalis to the septal region, which is involved in emotional regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Papez circuit structures, loop from amygdala to hypothalamus and those structures, olfactory cortex, insula, orbito-frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Recently evolved spindle neurons seen in humans, great apes, dolphins, and whales, theorised to have a role in the evolution of vocal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| "The body in the brain", sensory cortex in lateral sulcus between temporal and frontal lobes; responsible for intro-reception-taste, touch, vestibular, visceral |
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Term
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Definition
| Prefrontal cortex region in frontal lobes, Involved in reward and motivation responds to smell/taste stimuli when animal is hungry or thirsty |
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Term
| Lesion in orbito-frontal cortex |
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Definition
| Failure to respond appropriately to reward, and in humans disintegration of social behavior, i.e. Phineas Gage, often result of head trauma (temporal lobe contusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions to structures in Papez Circuit, especially bilaterally |
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Term
| Hippocampal damage causes |
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Definition
| Anoxia/hypoglycaemia, herpes encephalitis, PCA stroke, Trauma, Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mammillary body damage effect |
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Definition
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Term
| Basal forebrain damage cause |
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Definition
| Anterior Communicating Artery aneurysm |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of oxygen; kills neurons, hippocampus is especially sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of oxygen to whole brain, killing neurons in minutes especially in the hippocampus, 'watershed' strokes |
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Term
| Amnesia with normal brain scan? |
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Definition
| Usually the result of hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the brain with Herpes Type 1 virus, usually of anterior temporal lobes and often spreads through limbic system; symptom onset acute over days or weeks, fever and headache, confusion, memory loss, aphasia, seizures, coma, death in that order unless treated early with antivirals; diagnosed with MRI, EEG, lumbar puncture, spinal fluid labs (high protein, lymphocytes, normal glucose) |
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Term
| Fever/headache, days or weeks onset, lesions in cingulate gyrus and hippocampus? |
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Definition
| Herpes encephalitis most likely |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesic with confabulations, apathy, lack of insight; caused by deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) necessary to metabolise glucose and release oxygen to brain cells, functionally causing a myriad of tiny strokes in the most oxygen-sensitive parts of the brain; often seen in alcoholics |
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Term
| Wernicke's encephalopathy |
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Definition
| acute onset of global confusion and eye movement disturbances, often accompanied by abnormal movements and gait ataxia; eye movement disturbances usually recover with thiamine administration |
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Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Definition
| Thiamine deficiency causing global confusion, eye movement disturbances, gait ataxia, amnesia and confabulations. Thiamine deficiency causes numerous small haemorrhages in the paraventricular areas of midbrain and diencephalon |
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Term
| Medial Temporal Stroke (PCA) effect |
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Definition
| Verbal memory impairment if left hippocampus is involved, visual memory if right hippocampus is involved, usually |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden severe amnesia with antegrade amnesia for days or weeks prior, usually complete recovery within hours but may recur, no other cognitive or neurological deficits, animated, aware that something is wrong, asks same question(s) repeatedly often regarding well-being of someone else, no known cause but may be transient disruption of hippocampus bilaterally. |
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Term
| Alzheimer's disease and memory/hippocampus |
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Definition
| Usually progressive memory loss, commonly early degeneration of hippocampus and cholinergic neurotransmitters to it from basal forebrain |
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Term
| Aneurysm in anterior communicating artery |
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Definition
| Damage to basal forebrain, causes profound amnesia with florid confabulations, very good recognition memory with no explicit recall, often also with leg weakness and severe headache |
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Term
| Temporal lobe contusion/head trauma |
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Definition
| Phineas Gage Syndrome, orbito-frontal contusion, loss of appropriate social behavior and normal response to rewards |
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