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Clinical Neuro
Neurodenerative disorders
33
Biology
Graduate
01/09/2008

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Cards

Term
Define Dementia
Definition
Deterioration of cognitive function
Term
Dementia is a disease of this part of the brain
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
What percentage of people over 60 are affected by dementia?
Definition
5%
Term
What are the 3 categories of dementia? Give examples
Definition
1. Dementia as a primary disease like Alzheimer's
2. Dementia associated w/ other neuropsychiatric disease like dementia w/ parkinsons, huntingtons, wilsons
3. Dementia associated w/ medial illness like thyroid disease
Term
Why does dementia occur? What's the hallmark of degenerative dementia?
Definition
It's due to cell death in selective regions of the brain
The hallmark of dementia is accumulation of protein inclusions in neurons leading to apoptosis
Term
What is the Common findings of Alzheimer disease
Definition
Inability to form new memories and development of forgetfullness
Term
List the clinical presentation of AD
Definition
1. Chronic deterioration of intellectual & cognitive functions
2. Loss of recent memory, awareness of the disease, visual spacial orientation, executive function
Term
What's the pathophysiology of AD
Definition
Amyoid plaque, neurofibrillary tanges and loss of neurons by apoptosis
Term
Can you find Lewy bodies in AD? How about shrinkage of the brain
Definition
Yes to both
Term
What is amyloid protein made of? What is it a product of
Definition
Abeta protein (39-42) and is a product of amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Term
Where would you find the highest level of amyloid protein
Definition
brain and kidney
Term
Is the expression of amyloid protein in AD patients the same as normal people
Definition
yes
Term
What is the function of APP
Definition
growth factor and cell adhesive molecule
Term
Amyloid protein in AD from APP is due to?
Definition
alpha and gamma secretases cleaving APP in the wrong place producing a precipitate protein instead of a soluble one
Term
In what protein other than APP can produce abnormal amyloid plaque due to it acting abnormally
Definition
Apo Protein E, it won't be able to hold the protein efficiently so the enzymes can cleave it
Term
What's the make up of neurofibrillary tangles
Definition
Aggregates of phosphorylated form of normal neuronal protein Tau
Term

A person w/ these has

[image]

Definition

These are neurofibrillary tangles, the person most likely has AD

Term
Which neurons in AD are loss that account for the learning and memory deficits
Definition
Cholinergic neurons
Term
What are the 4 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
Galantamine
donezpepil
Tacarine
Pyridostigmine
Term
Parkinsonism refers to what kind of movement disorder
Definition
hypokinetic
Term
Define Parkinson disease
Definition
decrease control and slowness of voluntary movements due to the loss of dopamine in the striatum
Term
Who does parkinson disease affect
Definition
> 50 years of age and males
Term
What are the classic clinical findings of Parkinson
Definition
T-R-A-P
Tremors
Rigidity
Akinesia/bradykinesa (essential symptom)
postural instability
2 of these for 6 months
Term
What is the etiology of parkinson
Definition
Idiopathtic (~80%)
Infectious (viral encephalitis)
Toxins (Manganeses, CO, Methanol, MPTP)
Truama
Term
Can infarcts cause PD
Definition
yes, if they're in the basal ganglia
Term
What happens to the color of the substantia nigra in parkinsons
Definition
it loses pigmentation
Term

What's the defect here in PD

[image]

Definition

The Glopus pallidus is uninhibited

[image]

Term
what's the marker for Parkinson disease in the brain
Definition
Lowy Bodies
Term
Parkin gene produces what protein? If an abnormality occurs in the protein, what happens?
Definition
alpha synuclein
An abnormal alpha synuclein is responsible for the formation of Lewy bodies and fibrils in PD
Term
What's the pathophysiology apoptosis of neuron disease
Definition
1. Over stimulation of excitatory AA on the neurons
2. Production of free radicals in brain tissue
3. Toxins in the neural envirnoment (MPTP)
Term
What's Dementia w/ Diffuse Lewy Body disease?
Definition
Lewy body dementia is marked by cognitive dysfunction and hallucinateions
Term
What's the pathological marker for dementia w/ Diffuse lewy bodies?
Definition
Presence of Lewy bodies and alpha synuclein fibrils
Term
Why does demenita occur in huntingtons
Definition
Because of cell death in selecitive regions of the brain
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