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Clinical Neuro: Final
Drugs of Abuse
87
Biology
Graduate
01/28/2008

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Term
Drugs of abuse target which pathway
Definition
Mesolimbic DA pathway
Term
The mesolimibic DA pathway follows what path
Definition
VTA to nucleus accumbens to the prefrontal cortex
Term
Heroin and Nicotine target the indirect pathway of the mesolimibic DA, name brain areas they target
Definition
1. Substantia nigra R
2. VTA
3. PAG
4. Nucleus accumbens
Term
Which part of the brain contains the memory of positive feeling. How about executive function?
Definition
Hippocampus
Cortex
Term
Name the stimulants
Definition
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Amphetamine
Methylene-Dioxy-Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Nicotine
Caffinee
Term
What's the smoked form of cocaine? What are it's advantages
Definition
Crack cocaine
Faster absorbtion and it's smoked
Term
By which mechanism does cocaine deliver it's affects
Definition
Inhibits reuptake of E, NE, 5-HT and DA in the mesolimbic DA system therefore increasing their levels
Term
Cocaine has a plasma peak of ____ after intranasal and a peak of _____ after IV or smoking
Definition
35-90 min
5 min
Term
Where is cocaine metabolized?
Definition
Esterases in the serum and liver
Term
If you were to screen a person for cocaine use, which metabolites are you looking for?
Definition
Benzoyeogonine and Ecgonine
Term
Why shouldn't you drinking alcohol with cocaine?
Definition
Formation of Cocaethylene which is more toxic and has a longer half life
Term
What happens to basal levels of DA, NE and 5-HT after chronic cocaine use
Definition
Decreased
Term
How fast is the onset of cocaine if it's used by IV or smoked? What if you snort it?
Definition
< 1 min
15 min
Term
What's the major central sites of action for cocaine?
Definition
Mesoaccumbens ascending dopaminergic pathway
Term
What are the positive effects of Cocaine?
Definition
1. Euphoria
2. Arousal
3. Elation
4. Alertness
5. Increase self confidence
Term
what are the negative effects of cocaine
Definition
1. Anxiety
2. Restlessness
3. Paranoia
Term
Name the first stage of cocaine withdrawal. What are it's characteristics
Definition
Crash
1. Low mood and energy
2. Hypersomnolence "very sleep"
3. Hyperphagia
4. Last 1-4 days
Term
Name the second stage of withdrawal
Definition
Withdrawal
1. Major motivation to use
-Dysphoria
-Anxiety
-Depression
2. Muscle pain and tremors
3. High cravings such as seeing friends do it or visit places where it's done
4. last 2-12 weeks
Term
Name the 3rd stage of withdrawal and its characteristics
Definition
Extinction
1. Withdraw symptoms go away
Term
Cocaine toxicity has effect on which systems
Definition
CNS
CVS
Intranasal
Pulmonary
Term
What's the effect of cocaine toxicity on the CNS
Definition
1. Psychosis, depression, long term personality changes
2. Intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, seizures and headaches
Term
What's the effect of cocaine toxicity on CVS
Definition
tachycardia, vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, MI
Term
If you're a chronic cocaine user what are the effect intranasal
Definition
Chronic rhinitis, loss of smell, necrosis and perforation of nasal septum
Term
What's cocaines effects on the pulmonary system?
Definition
Pulmonary congestion, edema, alveolar hemorrhage, respiratory arrest
Term
High cocaine use can cause Excited delirium, what are the characteristics?
Definition
Psychosis accompanied by agitation and hyperthermia, often ends in respiratory arrest and sudden death
Term
During an overdose of cocaine, what happens? How is this treated
Definition
Death due to cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions or respiratory arrest.
Treat using diazepam, propanol and calcium channel blockers
Term
List the treatments of cocaine dependence
Definition
Behavior treatment
Pharmacological treatment
-Tricyclics and SSRI
-Modafinil
-Buprenophrine
-GABA agonist "baclofen and topiramate"
-Disulfiram
Term
what's the difference between methamphetamines and amphetamines?
Definition
More potent, longer duration of action and neurotoxic than amp
Term
This drug is abused by collage students during exams
Definition
Amphetamines
Term
Amphetamines works by releasing
Definition
Dopamine (major one) and NE
Term
What affects due amphetamines have on the CNS
Definition
alertness
euphoria
exhilaration
Enchanced well being
Term
What are amphetamines affects on the periphery?
Definition
1. Increase B
2. Tachycardia
3. Mydriasis
4. Sweating
5. Constipation
Term
Amphetamine toxicity can cause
Definition
Necrotizing arteritis
Neurotoxicity that damages DA neurons
Term
If somebody OD on amphetamine what are the symptoms
Definition
Coma and convulsions leading to status epilepticus
HTN, hyperthermia, subarachnoid hem.
Term
What's the treatment for amphetamine OD
Definition
Acidify the urine
Haloperidol and diazepam
Term
Methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine is known as
Definition
MDMA and ecstasy
Term
What's the MOA of ecstacy?
Definition
Promotes release of 5-HT and inhibits it's uptake, also inhibits DA uptake
Term
What are the positive effects of Ectasy
Definition
1. Emotional openness
2. Euphoria
3. Stimulation
4. Reduction and critical & cynical thoughts
5. Decreased inhibitions
Term
What are the positive effects of ecstacy
Definition
Emotional openness
Euphoria
Stimulation
Reduction of critical and cynical thoughts
Decreased inhibition
Term
What are the negative effects of ectasy
Definition
1. Visual distortion
2. Nystagmus
3. Nervousness
4. Shivering
5. Hyperthermia
Term
The withdraw symptoms of 5-HT are due to
Definition
depletion of 5-HT
Term
What are the withdrawal symptoms of ectasy
Definition
Severe anhedonia
Lethargy
Decreased motivation
Fatigue
Depression
Term
Name the toxicity effects of ectasy
Definition
Altered mental status, convulsions, tachycardia, acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity and psychosis
Term
Methylpenidate is also known as _____. It's used in the treatment of _____
Definition
Ritalin and is used in the treatment of ADHD
Term
The effects of Methylphenidate are due to
Definition
inhibits uptake of DA and NE and stimulates their release
Term
If you use Methylphenidate IV what happens?
Definition
talc granulomatosis
Term
the Methylphenidate symptoms of actue OD are
Definition
vomiting, agitation, tremors, muscle twitching, convulsions, hallucination, delirum and flushing
Term
The treatment for Methylphenidate is
Definition
Gastric lavage
Main circulation and respiration
Term
What's the onset for nicotine
Definition
7 secs
Term
Nicotine causes the release of
Definition
Catecholamines
Term
What are the effects of nicotine use
Definition
Euphoria
Anorexia
Improved concentratoin
Arousal
Term
Give the symptoms of nicotine withdraw
Definition
Dysphoria
Increased appetite
Difficulty concentration
Irritability
Term
What is the treatment of nicotine withdrawl
Definition
Bupropion
Mecamylamine "blocking agent"
Clonidine: decreases w/drawal symptoms and cravings
Term
Caffinee is a ______ receptor antagonist and increases _____ secretion. At high doses it's a _______ inhibitor
Definition
adenosine
NE
phosphodiesterase
Term
Lysergic Acid Diethylamine (LSD) works on which system? What kind of agonist and antagonist is it?
Definition
Central serotinic systems
5HTa/c agonist and a 5HT2 antagonist
Term
What are the early effects of LSD
Definition
Weakness, numbness, nauseated, mydriasis, increased BP, tachycardia, tremor
Term
When does the desired effects of LSD happen? What are they
Definition
Perceptual effects
Euphoria
Elation
some experience anxiety, depression, panic, rage
Term
Why do people not develop a dependence on LSD?
Definition
Short term tolerance, they take it once or twice a week
Term
What are the adverse physiological reactions of LSD
Definition
Panic attacks, acute depression and psychosis
Term
How do people die when they're on LSD
Definition
Errors in judgement like, I can fly
Term
When is Mescaline used?
Definition
It's a hallucinogen used for religious users
Term
Psiolocybin is known as _____ _______
Definition
magic mushrooms
Term
Name the deliriant hallucinogens?
Definition
Ketamine, Phencclidine and dextromethorphan
Term
What's the MAO of deliriant halluciogens
Definition
Bind to NMDA receptors where they are non-competitive antagonist and block calcium transporters
Indirectly stimulate DA and NE transmission
Term
Where would you fine Ketamine?
Definition
Pediatric anasthesia and veterinary use
Term
What are the effects of low dose Ketamine? How about high dose?
Definition
Low dose is like alcohol, there is stumbling, clumsiness, robotic movements, vertigo, reduce sensatoin
high dose: Difficult moving due to anesthetic effects, nausea, complete dissociation, classic near death experiences, blackouts
Term
What are the toxic effects of ketamine
Definition
Staring, catatonic, flat face
Term
How would a person that OD on Ketamine present?
Definition
Seizures and coma with death due to intracranial hemorrhage and respiratory failure
Term
How would you treat Ketamine OD
Definition
acidify the urine and give supportive measures
Term
What the street name of Pehncyclidine
Definition
PCP or angel dust
Term
What are the low dose effects of LSD. How about high dose effects
Definition
Euphoria, agitation and bizarre behavior.

Rigidity, impaired reasoning, detachment, anger and violent, bronchospasm, peripheral effects like HTN, tachycardia, nystagmus
Term
If a patient presents w/ an LSD overdose what do they look like
Definition
Grand mal seizures or status epilepticus
Death due to intracranial hemorrhage, respiratory failure
Term
What are the positive effects of Dextromethorphan
Definition
Mood lift, dissociation of mind from body, dream like experiences and hallucinations
Term
What are the negative effects of Dextromethorphan
Definition
Nausea and vomiting
Itchy and skin irritation
Confusion
Loss of motor control and sensory perception
Hangover
Term
Toxicity of Dextromethorphan are due to
Definition
The other toxicities present
Term
What are the benzodiazepines that are abused
Definition
Alprozolam, Diazepam and Fluitrazepam
Term
Fluitrazepam is known on the street as _____, as a result it's been reformulated to turn liquid to which color?
Definition
Date rape drug, roofies
Blue or green
Term
what are the effects of Fluitrazepam
Definition
Drowiness, impaired motor coordination, ataxia, euphoria
Next day hangover like nervousness, anxiety, tremor, headache
Term
When taking Fluitrazepam, what are the protraction effects due to
Definition
REM rebound, you get hallucinations, confusions, paranoid psychosis, convulsions (life threatening), hyperthermia, tinnitus
Term
How would you treat a benzodiazepine OD?
Definition
Flumazenil, gastric lavage and maintence of respiration
Term
How do you die from benzodiazepines
Definition
cerebral anoxia due to respiratory failure
Term
What uses are there for Gamma-hydroxbutyrate (GHB)
Definition
Treatment of cataplexy associated w/ nacrolepsy
Term
The effects of GHB are due to
Definition
indirectly increase release of DA, endogenous opiods and GH
Term
The desired effects of GHB are?
how about the undesired one?
Definition
Relaxation, tranqulity, mild euphoria, disinhibition
Drowiness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting
Term
What are the toxicity effects of GHB
Definition
Loss of bladder control, amnesia and seizures
Cardiac depression and coma
Term
What is the onset of NO? What are it's desired and undesired effects
Definition
5-45 min
Euphoria, perceptional disortion, ataxia, giddness, slurred speech

Coughing, sneezing, nausea and vomiting
Term
What are the toxicity effects of NO
Definition
Death due to asphyxia or respiratory depression
Can produced arrhthmias
Vit B12 depression leading to numbness in the fingers and toes
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