Term
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Definition
| Glutamic acid in Hb is replaced with a valine |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC are unable to uptake iron into their Heme group. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased amount in the sustantia nigra of the parkison's brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Lysosome are missing glycogen enzyme, alpha glycosidase. Build up of glycogen in lysosomes causes other lysosomal enzyme to leak and damage their surrounding |
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Term
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Definition
| Lysosomal disease where the patient lack hexosaminidase A and can't build up a certain fatty acid in the brain. Leads to retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by hyperurecemia, which leads to a build up of crystals in lysosomes. Lysosomes eventually lyse and release their enzymes on joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| peroxisomes cannot oxidize long fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents microtubule assembly by binding to tubulin heterodimers |
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Term
| vinblastine and vincristine |
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Definition
| aggregates tubulin and prevent assembly of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates depolymerization at the minus end of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents depolymerization of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| (AZT) a retroviral RNA inhibitor. Has a minimal effect on eukaryotic nuclear polymerase but it inhibits mitochondrial polymerase (affects TCA cycle). |
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Term
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Definition
| affects Herpes DNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces synthesis of dTMP in DNA strand, affects DNA and RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit topoisomerase II. Prevent unwinding of DNA for replication |
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Term
| doxorubicin and dactinomycin |
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Definition
| intercalate into the DNA strand and inhibit DNA and RNA polymerase |
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Term
| cyclophosphamide and nitrosureas |
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Definition
| alkylating agents lead to copying errors if DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| splice site mutation, affect mRNA size |
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Term
| systemic lupus erythmatoseus |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease in which patient produces antibodies to snRNPs (affects spliceosome formation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intercalate into DNA and prevents unwinding |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks beta unit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase, good antibacterial |
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Term
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Definition
| found in poisonous mushrooms. A toxin for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (no mRNA, no proteins, you die) |
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Term
| pyruvate kinase deficiency |
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Definition
| especially dangerous for cell that undergo anaerobic metabolism, like RBC. This prevents any net production of ATP from glycolysis. So RBC Na+/K+ ATPase activity is inhibited and cells lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| HIF-1 upregulated in tumors where cells don't get enough oxygen. Leads to the upregulation of glycolysis and an increase in the expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 on cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| the less severe form of arsenic poisoning. Arsenate ions competitively inhibit the binding sites 3 phosphate glycerate dehydrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits enolase, the step 9 enzyme that takes 2phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
in glycolysis it replaces the inorganic phosphate in the 3 phosphate glyceraldehyde dehydrogense reaction
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Term
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Definition
| The more toxic of the arsenic poisoning, these ions bind covalently (permanently) with the thiol group of complex II's coenzyme, lipoic acid, of the PDH complex. |
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Term
| pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency |
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Definition
complex I of the PDH complex is inhibited. So pyruvate does not get turned into AcCoA, so the TCA cycle can't happen. This means a dramatic decrease in ATP production.
leads to the accumulation of pyruvate, lactate and alanine |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit the eNaC transporter in epithelial cell.This means a reduced intracellular [Na+], which will affect the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps, which pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ it pumps in. |
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Term
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Definition
Malate is not formed, so reduces levels of oxoloacetate.
High levels of fumarate in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the aconitase enzyme by making the inhibitor fluorocitrate |
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Term
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Definition
| affect the precursors for the coenzymes of the PDH complex. Niacin (NAD+, soluble cofactor), riboFlavin (FAD+, complex III's coenzyme), Thymine (Thiamine Pyrophosphate, complex I's coenzyme), pantothenic acid (CoA, soluble cofactor) |
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Term
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Definition
| brown fat in babies. A ETS uncoupler |
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Term
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Definition
| inserts K+ channels in the mitochondrial membrane. K+ move downhill of gradient from the inner membrane and destroy the H+ gradient needed for ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| in high iron concentration it binds free iron in blood and shuttles it out |
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Term
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Definition
| when iron levels are low, rate of transferrin production increases so that cells can take up more iron |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the ATP synthase activity of the mitochondria by blocking H+ flow |
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Term
| 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentacholorphenol (wood preservative) |
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Definition
| makes the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ allowing the proton to flow down their gradient without making ATP. Energy is released in the form of heat |
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Term
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Definition
| it interferes with the elongation step in RNA translation by catalyzing GDP rybosylation in the eEF2-GDP complex |
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Term
| aminoglycosydes (steptomycin and neomycin) |
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Definition
| affect the 30s subunit of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits both prokaryotic 30S and eukaryotic 40S subunit |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the prokaryotic 50S subunit by blocking the peptidyltransferase needed in elongation |
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