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Clinical Correlations for CPM II Exam 4
All clinical correlations discussed for weeks 19-20
55
Medical
Professional
12/11/2010

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Term
Chalazion
Definition
obstruction of tarsal (Meibonian) glands
Term
Stye
Definition
obstruction of ciliary (Moll) glands
Term
Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
Definition
inflammation of conjunctiva, usually due to viral infection
Term
Double Whammy Syndrome
Definition
ability to protrude eyes and retract eyelids
Term
Blockage of central retinal a.
Definition
instant blindness
Term
Blockage of central retinal v.
Definition
slow and painless blindness
Term
Medial Strabismus
Definition
damage to abducens n. (CN VI), inability to rotate eyeball laterally
Term
Ptosis
Definition
weakness of Muller's m. due to sympathetic n. damage
Term
Presbyopia
Definition
harder, flatter lens with reduced focusing power
Term
Cataract
Definition
loss of transparency of the lens
Term
Hyphema
Definition
hemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye due to blunt trauma of the eyeball
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
blocked drainage of aqueous humor resulting in pressure buildup in the chambers of the eye
Term
Vertebral artery dissection
Definition
sudden severe nuchal pain and occipital headache, posterior fossa neurological symptoms, often due to spinal manipulation and secondary to minor trauma
Term
Damage to CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Definition
tested via gag reflex, decreased salvation and minor difficulty swallowing
Term
Damage to CN X (Vagus)
Definition
test via gag reflex, palate drop, uvula deviation away from affected side, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness of vocal cords
Term
Damage to CN XI (Spinal Accessory)
Definition
test by shrugging shoulders and tilting head against resistance, affects trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, difficulty abducting arm above horizontal, head tilted away from and facing affected side
Term
Damage to CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Definition
test by having stick tongue out, tongue deviates toward affected side, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech
Term
Horner's syndrome
Definition
interruption of cervical chain, ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, flushing, enophthalmos
Term
Raynaud's Syndrome/Phenomenon
Definition
vasospasm of the upper extremities causing necrosis of fingers, treated by sympathetectomy to allow vessels to dilate
Term
Childhood nausea
Definition
may be caused by hyperstimulation of vagus n. (CN X) due to infection of the middle ear
Term
Dens Fracture
Definition
endangers the spinal cord
Term
Hangman's Fracture
Definition
fracture of posterior elements of C2
Term
Atlantoaxial subluxation
Definition
deviation of dens due to trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, or Down's Syndrome
Term
Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
Definition
most commonly occur at Kiesselbach's Plexus
Term
Sinusitis
Definition
inflammation or infection of the sinuses, may cause tooth pain (Maxillary)
Term
Acoustic trauma
Definition
damage to ear due to intensity of sound, i.e. high intensity explosions
Term
Otic Barotrauma
Definition
damage to ear due to intensity of pressure, i.e. divers and flyers
Term
Hyperacusis
Definition
loss of function of tensor tympani or stapedius mm., resulting in an inability to dampen sounds
Term
Otitis Media (middle ear infection)
Definition
secondary infection from pharynx via auditory tube that can spread into mastoid air cells if untreated. Damage to chorda tympani n. leads to diminished taste (ant 2/3 tongue) and impaired hearing, rarely causes CN VII paralysis and meningitis
Term
Piriform recess & Epiglottic valleculae
Definition
common places where small objects can be lodged instead of swallowed
Term
Adenoids
Definition
enlarged pharyngeal and tubal tonsils, obstruction of auditory tube may cause infection to spread and result in hearing loss, obstruction of nasal pharynx can cause difficulty breathing
Term
Conductive hearing loss
Definition
sound waves are mechanically impeded from reaching inner ear, affected structures are located in external or middle ear, can be caused by cerumen (wax), perforation of tympanic membrane, otitis media, and otosclerosis (spongy bone growth)
Term
Sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
injury to sensory hair cells in organ of Corti, caused by trauma, drugs (antibiotics), infections, and aging
Term
Retinal Detachment
Definition
separation between pigmented layer and receptor cell layer of retina, causes visual field deficits, caused by increased intraocular pressure, trauma, and vascular disease
Term
Macular Degeneration (Dry)
Definition
loss of central (macular) vision due to thickening of Bruch's membrane,loss of choroid capillaries, and atrophy of retinal pigmented epithelium
Term
Macular Degeneration (Wet)
Definition
loss of central (macular) vision due to neovascularization with fragile vessels that leak and hemorrhage to cause scarring and fibrosis
Term
Vocal Fold Edema
Definition
often caused by medication side effects, inflammation after surgery, or soft tissue infection
Term
Respiratory Obstruction
Definition
treated by per-oral intubation or tracheotamy, a pressing dilemma of ease of access to trachea versus damage to voice
Term
Damage to External Laryngeal n.
Definition
results in monotone due to paralysis of the cricothyroid m. (affects pitch)
Term
Damage to Recurrent Laryngeal n.
Definition
results in paralysis of all laryngeal muscles, leading to difficulty breathing and speaking, can be caused by tumor, surgical injury, aortic aneurysm (left), enlargement of heart (left), treated with an implant between conus elasticus and thyroid cartilage to permanently adduct vocal fold (medialization)
Term
Laryngeal Carcinoma
Definition
main risk factor in smoking, causes dysphagia and dysphonia, can be treated by ablation, laser surgery, or laryngectomy. Scar tissue from treatment is less elastic and may cause dysphonia
Term
Age-Related Changes in Larynx
Definition
laryngeal cavity and cartilages increase in size, vocal folds thicken and lengthen, antero-posterior diameter doubles and pitch is lowered by an octave
Term
Branchial Cyst
Definition
spherical cyst along anterior SCM, due to failure of cervical sinus to obliterate, fills with fluid and cellular debris
Term
Branchial Fistula
Definition
opening from pharynx to lateral neck, due to persistant 2nd pharyngeal cleft and 2nd pharyngeal pouch, often drains saliva and can become infected
Term
Thyroglossal Cyst
Definition
cyst along thyroglossal duct, due to failure of thyroglossal duct to obliterate, usually swelling along midline of neck
Term
Pierre-Robin Syndrome
Definition
failure of neural crest cells to migrate from 1st pharyngeal arch, resulting in underdevelopment of mandible, cleft palate, and glossoptosis (posterior displacement of tongue)
Term
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
Definition
failure of neural crest cells to migrate from 1st pharyngeal arch, resulting in micrognathia, malformed ears, and drooping eyes
Term
DiGeorge Syndrome
Definition
thymic aplasia/absence of parathyroid glands, due to failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches from differentiating, resulting in immunological problems, hypocalcemia, micrognathia, and persistent truncus arteriosis
Term
Temperomandibular Joint Dislocation
Definition
mandibular condyle is positioned anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Term
Damage to Mandibular n. (CN V3)
Definition
cannot clench jaw and difficulty chewing, open mouth will deviate towards affected side, jaw must be relocated inferiorly then posteriorly
Term
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Definition
injected into inferior alveolar n. near entrance into mandibular foramen, often anesthetizes lingual n. also, care must be taken not to inject posteriorly into facial n. (CN VII) and cause paralysis
Term
Turner's Syndrome
Definition
aneuploidy of sex chromosomes (XO), resulting in short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema of hands and feet, underdeveloped or absent ovaries, normal to high IQ
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
growth retardation, neurological dysfunction, mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphisms (flat philtrum, thin upper lip), cardiac defects
Term
Non-teratogenic Drugs
Definition
Penicillin, Heparin, Phenobarbitol
Term
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Definition
Rubella infection in mother during pregnancy (prior to 20th week), eye/ear/heart anomalies, persistent truncus arteriosus, continuous machine murmur
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