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Clinical Chemistry Exam 1 Lecture 6
Enzyme Kinetics
60
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
01/31/2015

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Term
True or False:
Enzymes are found in All body tissues
Definition
True
Term
Many enzymes are present in ___ from normal cellular turnover
Definition
Plasma
Term
Enzymes are ____ ____ and _____, not altered or consumed during the reaction
Definition
Biologic proteins
Catalysts
Term
_____ amounts of Enzyme are released following cellular damage
Definition
Increased
Term
Basic Enzyme Reaction
Definition
E + S <--> ES <--> E + P
Term
Substrate Concentration is what order kinetics?
Definition
First
Term
First Order Kinetics is directly proportional to what?
Definition
Substrate concentration
Term
In First Order Kinetics, what is provided in excess?
Definition
Enzyme
Term
At some point in First Order Kinetics, substrate will be consumed and ____ ____ is reached
Definition
Maximum Velocity
Term
Michaelis-Menton Constant (Km)
Definition
Mathematical expression of the relationship between velocity and substrate
Term
M-Mm Constant (Km) =
Definition
Substrate concentration at which the enzyme yields half the possible maximum velocity
Term
Which two types of plots provide visualization of first order kinetics?
Definition
M-M and Lineweaver-Burk
Term
Enzyme Concentration is what order Kinetics?
Definition
Zero
Term
What is in excess during Zero Order Kinetics?
Definition
Substrate
Term
True or False:
With Zero Order Kinetics, the Reaction rate depends on enzyme concentration
Definition
True
Term
With Zero Order Kinetics what is supplied by the patient?
Definition
Enzyme
Term
With Zero Order Kinetics what is supplied by manufactured reagent?
Definition
Substrate
Term
Why is it called Zero Order Kinetics?
Definition
When the rate of velocity no longer increase, velocity rates level off, signalling "zero" amount of increase in rate
Term
pH
Definition
Extremes will denature or change ionic state of enzymes
Term
Most enzymes function at what pH?
Definition
7-8
Term
pH is controlled in labs by what?
Definition
Buffer solutions
Term
Increasing the temperature increases the ____ ____ to a point
Definition
Reaction Rate
Term
For every ___ degree rise, the rate doubles until the enzyme is denatured
Definition
10
Term
At what temperature will the enzyme usually denature?
Definition
>40 degrees Celsius
Term
Most assays are run at what temperatures?
Definition
25, 30, 37 degrees Celsius
Term
True or False:
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw
Definition
True
Term
If testing is delayed what should you do with the sample to preserve the enzyme levels?
Definition
Freeze or Refrigerate
Term
True or False:
It takes a few minutes for ALL enzymes to combine with substrate
Definition
True
Term
The reaction time is what phase of the reaction?
Definition
Linear
Term
About ______ or more minutes into testing, the reaction rate begins to diminish
Definition
6
Term
Measurements should be taken during what phase of the reaction?
Definition
Linear
Term
Cofactors
Definition
Nonprotein molecules that may be necessary for proper enzyme function
Term
Cofactor Activators
Definition
Inorganic molecules
Term
Name 3 Cofactor Activators
Definition
Calcium
Magnesium
Other Metallic ions
Term
Cofactor Coenzymes
Definition
Organic Molecules
Often provided in the testing reagent
Term
Name 2 Cofactor Coenzymes
Definition
NAD
Vitamin B family
Term
What is the following an example of?
Creatine + ATP --(CK / Mg)--> Creatine Phosphate + ADP
Definition
Activators
Term
What is the following an example of?
Pyruvate + NADH --(LD)--> Lactate + NAD
Definition
Coenzymes
Term
What are 7 Factors that influence Enzyme Reactions?
Definition
Substrate Concentration
Enzyme Concentration
pH
Temperature
Reaction Time
Cofactors
Inhibitors
Term
Competitive Inhibitors
Definition
Bind to the active site of an enzyme
Term
What do you add to overcome Competitive Inhibitors?
Definition
Substrate
Term
Is Competitive Inhibitors possible to anticipate?
Definition
No
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Definition
Bind to enzyme at a place other than the active site
Causes structural changes to the enzyme
Term
True or False:
Adding more substrate may not help with noncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
True
Term
True or False:
The results of Noncompetitive inhibitors may be irreversible
Definition
True
Term
Assays measure enzyme _____ which is a reflection of concentration
Definition
activity
Term
What can be used to measure enzyme activity?
Definition
Increase in product
Decrease in substrate
Decrease in coenzyme
Increase of an altered coenzyme
Term
In what Order are Measurements of Enzyme Activity always performed?
Definition
Zero
Term
What must be in excess when measuring enzyme activity?
Definition
Coenzyme
Term
Fixed-Time Method (End Point)
Definition
The reaction proceeds for a designated time and is then stopped
Term
The velocity of a Fixed-Time Method is assumed to be what?
Definition
Linear and proportional to enzyme concentration
Term
Continuous-Monitoring Method (Kinetic Analysis)
Definition
Multiple measurements of absorbance are made every 30-60 seconds OR continuously
Term
True or False:
Continuous-Monitoring Method - Linearity may be more adequately verified
Definition
True
Term
A sudden _____ in the reaction rate can be readily observed in the Continuous-Monitoring Method
Definition
Decrease
Term
If a change in Absorption is not constant, then an ____ _____ is present
Definition
Unknown Variable
Term
If the change in Absorption is not constant it may result from what?
Definition
high levels of patient enzymes rapidly depleting the substrate
Term
What should you do if the change is absorption is not constant?
Definition
Dilute patient sample and re-run
Term
International Unit (U or IU)
Definition
The amount of enzyme that will catalyze the reaction of 1 micromole of substrate per minute under specified conditions of temperature, pH, substrates, and activators
Term
The International Unit is in what concentration?
Definition
Units per Liter (U/L or IU/L)
Term
If an enzyme assay is 150 IU/L at 25C, what will be the product concentration if the assay is run at 35C?
Definition
300 IU/L
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