Term
| Which 3 chemicals, in general, make up carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are Monosaccharides simple or complex carbon chains? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In monosaccharides what is the type of bond between oxygen molecules? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Monosaccharides are readily absorbed by intestines from diet |
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Definition
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|
Term
Define the following:
Disaccharides |
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Definition
| 2 monos join with the release of a water molecule (glycosidic bond) |
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Term
True or False:
Disaccharides are broken down by enzymes in intestines, then absorbed as monos |
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Definition
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|
Term
What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose |
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Definition
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|
Term
Define the following:
Oligosaccharides |
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Definition
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|
Term
Define the following:
Polysaccharides |
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Definition
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|
Term
What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Starch
Glycogen |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Polysaccharides are the primary dietary source of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What begins the process of digestion? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What two enzymes break down complex sugars into monos which are absorbed into blood? |
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Definition
Pancreatic amylase
Intestinal maltase |
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Term
| _____ travels to liver or directly into tissues for energy use or storage |
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Definition
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Term
| Other monos first travel to what organ where they are converted into glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose can be stored in liver and muscles as what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Glucose is a primary energy source |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose cannot be stored where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once Glucose enters a cell it is converted to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does glucose enter a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Glucose require to convert into glucose-6-phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of glycolysis does the following occur:
G6P is converted to pyruvate with production of lactate and 2 ATP |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the following called:
When O2 is plentiful, pyruvate converts to acetyl coenzyme A and enters the Kreb's cycle to create ATP, CO2, and H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
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Definition
Production of ribose and NADPH which protects cells from free radical damage;
Ribose used for nucleic acid formation. |
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Term
True or False:
HMP shunt is an important energy source for red cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the following: Glycogenesis |
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Definition
| When Energy needs are low and glucose is in excess, G6P converts into glcogen for storage |
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Term
| Define the following: Glycogenolysis |
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Definition
| When the body needs energy, the liver can convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into the circulation |
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Term
| Define the following: Gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| Formation of glucose from AA, Ketones, Lactate, Glycerol, and other non-CHO sources during times of fasting. |
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Term
| What is Gluconeogenesis associated with? |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In time of starvation, lipids can supply energy by the production of ketones through the Kreb's cycle |
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Term
| What organ is the primary consumer of ketones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the following: Lipogenesis |
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Definition
| Excess glycose can contribute to production of fats |
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Term
| What are the 3 sources of Glucose? |
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Definition
Food
Stored Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas in response to what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of hormone is Epinephrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine ____ plasma glucose rapidly during times of stress |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of hormone is Cortisol? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cortisol ____ plasma glucose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What other substances can raise plasma glucose? |
|
Definition
GH
ACTH
Thyroxine (T4)
Somatostatin |
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|
Term
| Insulin is the only _______ agent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Insulin DECREASE plasma glucose? |
|
Definition
Accelerating uptake of glucose into cells
Triggering glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis synthesis |
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|
Term
| Glucagon is secreated by the pancrease in what times? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon is what type of agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Glucagon RAISE plasma glucose? |
|
Definition
| Promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| Does Insulin Increase or Decrease plasma glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Glucagon Increase or Decrease plasma glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reference range of Carbohydrate Metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range for Hyperglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range for Hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does High Blood Glucose result from? |
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Definition
| Defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. |
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Term
| Diabetes-related complications are the leading cause of what -related deaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Diabetes the leading cause of? |
|
Definition
Blindness
Kidney Failure
Non-traumatic limb amputations
Nerve Damage |
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Term
| Type I - What is Absolute Insulin Deficiency due to? |
|
Definition
| Destruction of pancreatic cells |
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|
Term
| Is Type I or Type II considered an autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the age range for Type I (generally)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Type I occur suddenly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Type I or Type II considered insulin dependent? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased pH, Hyperventilation, Confusion, Coma |
|
|
Term
| What 3 diseases are associated with Type I Diabetes Mellitus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Type I or Type II will you see the following:
Polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Type I or Type II considered to have insulin resistance/insulin secretory defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age goes with Type II (generally)? |
|
Definition
Adult onset
(becoming more frequent in kids) |
|
|
Term
Which Type of Diabetes has the following:
Stronger genetic basis, race, ethnicity factors |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How can Type II be controlled? |
|
Definition
Diet
Weight Control
Exercise
Oral Medicine |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Type II Diabetics will become insulin dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the diseases associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus? |
|
Definition
Microvascular disease;
Risk of eye, heart disease/stroke, and kidney problems |
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|
Term
| Type II: Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma (>_____ mg/dL) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which diabetes has an onset during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is what percentage of all pregnancies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is believed that what placental hormone inhibits insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Women who obtain Gestational Diabetes Mellitus have a higher chance of developing diabetes later |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases are associated with the infants of women who suffer Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? |
|
Definition
Macrosomia
RDS
Hypoglycemic shock |
|
|
Term
| What is the mg/dL fasting concentration for pre-diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mg/dL post prandial concentration for pre-diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 other causes of hyperglycemia? |
|
Definition
Malignancies of pancreas
Liver Disease
Drugs |
|
|
Term
| When do symptoms of hypoglycemia occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do convulsions and coma occur at for hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After 20 minutes of convulsions due to hypoglycemia what will occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit insulin? |
|
Definition
Glycagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
GH |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
Hunger
Shakiness
Increased heart rate and bp
sweating
nausea
blurring vision
confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insulin overdose
Insulin shock due to insulin producing tumors
Drug interactions
Predisposing illness or hospitalization
Extreme exercise |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reference Range for:
Fasting Serum or Plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reference Range for:
Whole Blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reference Range for:
Neonate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reference Range for:
Urine, random |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reference Range for:
Renal Threshold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color top will have sodium fluoride plus potassium oxalate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sodium Fluoride is the specimen of choice for whole blood testing or if testing will be delayed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Sodium fluoride inhibit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color top do you use for plasma testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serum/plasma with no perservative, separated from cells: Glucose is stable for how long at RT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serum/plasma with no perservative, separated from cells: Glucose is stable for how long at 4 degrees Celsius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unpreserved whole blood: Glucose will decreased by _____ per hour at RT |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Random Glucose: What concentration plus the class symptoms of diabetes is diagnostic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fasting Plasma Glucose: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fasting Plasma Glucose: What concentration is impaired for diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended screening in all asymptomatic people >45 years of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Hour Post- Prandial: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is OGTT recommended for routine use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OGTT is for diagnosis in patients who have what type of fasting levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The OGTT is never warranted if fasting is >_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OGTT: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes at 2 hours? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Hour OGTT for what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reflects the average blood glucose concentration for the preceding 3 months? |
|
Definition
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
HbA1C |
|
|
Term
| What specimen is needed for HbA1C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for HbA1C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause a false negative HbA1C? |
|
Definition
| Anything causing a shorter RBC lifespan |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a false positive HbA1C? |
|
Definition
| Patients receiving erythropoietin or have gotten a blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 current testing methods for Glucose? |
|
Definition
Glucose Oxidase Method
Hexokinase Method |
|
|
Term
| What does the Glucose Oxidase Method measure? |
|
Definition
Chromogen produced OR
Amount of O2 Consumed (polargraphic) |
|
|
Term
| False Negatives for the Glucose Oxidase Method? |
|
Definition
Uric Acid
Ascorbic Acid
Bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| False Positives for the Glucose Oxidase Method? |
|
Definition
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Caffeine |
|
|
Term
| Hexokinase Method measures absorbance of NADPH at _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Test is more specific Hexokinase or Glucose Oxidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| False Negatives for the Hexokinase Method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine Glucose will be positive when what happens? |
|
Definition
| Renal threshold has been exceeded |
|
|
Term
| A positive for Urine and Serum ketones is considered what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine and Serum Ketones can be seen in what conditions? |
|
Definition
Uncontrolled diabetes
Fasting/Starvation
Vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Microalbumin is used to assess what? |
|
Definition
| early renal disease BEFORE the onset of proteinuria |
|
|
Term
| What else will you find for Diabetic patients? |
|
Definition
High urine SG
Proteinuria
Microvascular renal disease
Yeast infections and nervous system impairment |
|
|
Term
| Will you see High or Low osmolality/dehydration in Diabetic patients? |
|
Definition
| High osmolality/dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Serum Ketones lead to what? |
|
Definition
| Acidosis, hyperventilation, vomiting, and coma |
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