1.  What is the major clinical test that is used to assess glomerular function and approximate glomerular filtration rate?

A.        GFR

B.        Creatinine clearance

C.        Water deprivation test

D.        Urinalysis

E.         Urine glucose test

 2.  The ability to concentrate urine and reabsorb water into the blood is a major function of the?

A.        Glomerulus

B.        Renal tubule

C.        Urine

D.        Ureters

E.         Blood

3.  In which condition would you most likely expect to find low urine levels of sodium, and production of a low volume of concentrated urine?

A.        Normal renal function

B.        Acute renal failure (pre-renal)

C.        Acute renal failure (renal)

D.        Acute renal failure (post-renal)

E.         Chronic renal failure

4.  Anemia that is associated with chronic renal disease is caused by deficient production of which hormone?

A.        Erythropoietin

B.        AVP

C.        Aldosterone

D.        Renin

E.         Kalemian

5.  The presence of albumin proteins in the urine is a sign of

A.        Normal renal function

B.        Compromised renal tubule function

C.        Damage to renal glomeruli

D.        Kidney stones

E.         Renal failure

What is hypercalcemia?

a. excessive vitamin D

b. acidosis

c. vitamin D deficiency

d. occurs in the parathyroidism

e. a, b, & d

What is hypocalciemia?

a. excessive vitamin D

b. vitamin D deficiency

c. acidosis

d. occurs in the hypoparathryroidism

e. b & d

How much phosphorus is in the bone?

a. 70%

b. 80%

c. 90%

d. 75%

e. 60%

What is essential for hemoglobin?

a. calcium

b. phosphorus

c. iron

d. vitamin D

What is an acid?

a. pH lower than 7

b. pH higher than 7

What is the normal levels for H+ concentration?

a. 30-40 nmol/L

b. 35-45 nmol/L

c. 45-55 nmol/L

d. 25-35 nmol/L

True or False: Both equations are correct and can be used to calculate the pH?

pH = log (1/[H+])  or pH = -log [H+] 

What is a buffer?

a. It removes H+

b. It is a long proces

c. Solution of a weak acid or base

d. all of the above

Where does bicarbonate scavenging occur?

a. Renal Tubular Cells

b. Peritubular Capillary

c. Renal Tubular Lumen

Definitions to know:

Metabolic Acidosis: decrease in HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Metabolic Alkalosis: increase in HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Respiratory Acidosis: Increase in PCO2

Respiratory Alkalosis: Decrease PCO2

True or False? H+ is proportion to PCO2 / [HCO3-]

Calculating ABG.

1. Look at pH

2. Calculate the anion gap.[Na+]-[(Cl-)+(HCO3-)

3. Calculate the excess anion gap and add to bicarb level.

What do the numbers mean?

pH range from 7.35 to 7.45

PCO2 range from 35-45

Bicarb range from 22-26

What if pH is high, PCO2 is low and bicarb is normal?

pH range from 7.35 to 7.45

PCO2 range from 35-45

Bicarb range from 22-26

What if pH is low, PCO2 is high and bicarb is high?

pH range from 7.35 to 7.45

PCO2 range from 35-45

Bicarb range from 22-26

What if pH is high, PCO2 is high and bicarb is high?

The primary disorder is metabolic with respiratory being the compensatory

What is normal serum osmolality?

a. 200-250

b. 250-295

c. 275-290

d. 255-275

It regulates water balance.

If one is hypotonic- ADH is suppressed.

If one is hypertonic- ADH is stimulatecd.

What is normal sodium serum concentration?

a. 130-140

b. 135-145

c. 145-155

d. 155-175

What is the normal K serum concentration?

a. 3.5-5.0

b. 2.5-4.0

c. 1.5-3.0

d. 3.0-5.5

What is this test called?

Cx =  (Ux) (V)

      Px

Defined:

Cx= urinary clearance of substance (ml/min)

Ux = concentration of x in the urine (mmol/L)

(ideally a 24 hour sample)

V = urine flow rate (ml/min)

Px = concentration of x in the plasma (mmol/L)

What is normal serum creatinine level?

a. 1-2 mg/dL

b. 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

c. 0.3-1 mg/dL

d. 53-106 umol/L

e. 40-97 umol/L

f. a&e

g. b&d

h. non of the above

Matching

a. Erythrocytes

b. Leukocytes

c. Crystals

d. Casts

1. proteinuria, cell casts from kidney disease or infections
2. benign condition, kidney stone, infection, tumor

3. stones (uric acid, oxalate), UTIs, dehydration, diet
4. UTIs (usually RBCs present too)

a-2

b-4

c-3

d-1

Matching

a. Failure with a Pre-Renal origin

b. Failure with renal origin

c. Failure with post-renal origin

1. low blood flow

2. obstruction of ureter by a stone

3. renal damage

a-1

b-3

c-2

Matching:

a. ALT indicates:

b. Alk Phos indicates:

c. AST indicates:

1. Liver damage, post MI, and general celluar injury

2. Cholestasis and increased bone growth

3. Liver damage

a-3

b-2

c-1

Creatinine Kinase (CK)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)