Term
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Definition
1. intact sensory nerve fibers
2. functional synapses in spinal cord
3. intact motor nerve fibers
4. functional neuromuscular junction
5. competent muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon by the ophthalmic and ipsilateral hemisphere arteries |
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Term
| Internal Carotid Artery Problems |
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Definition
| unilateral blindness, severe contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia, profound aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies frontal lobe, parietal lobe, cortical surfaces of temporal lobe |
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Term
| Middle Cerebral Artery Problems |
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Definition
| alterations in communication, cognition, mobility, and sensation; contralateral homonymous hemianopia; contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis, motor and sensory loss (greater in face or arm) |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies superior surfaces of frontal and parietal lobes and medial surface of cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, corpus callosum |
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Term
| Anterior cerebral artery problems |
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Definition
| emotional lability; confusion, amnesia, personality changes; urinary incontinence; contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis (greater in lower extremities) |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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Definition
| supplies medial and inferior temporal lobes, medial occipital lobe, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus, and visual receptive area |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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Definition
| supplies medial and inferior temporal lobes, medial occipital lobe, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus, and visual receptive area |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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Definition
| supplies medial and inferior temporal lobes, medial occipital lobe, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus, and visual receptive area |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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Definition
| supplies medial and inferior temporal lobes, medial occipital lobe, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus, and visual receptive area |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Artery Problems |
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Definition
| hemianesthesia, contralateral hemiplegia (greater in face & upper extremities), cerebellar ataxia, tremor; visual loss (homonymous hemianopia, cortical blindness); receptive aphasia; memory deficits |
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Term
| Vertebral (Basilar) Arteries |
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Definition
| supply brainstem and cerebellum |
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Term
| Incomplete occlusion of vertebral arteries |
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Definition
| unilat and bilat weakness of extremities; UMN weakness (face, tongue, throat); loss of vibratory sense, 2pt discrimination, and position sense; diplopia, homonymous hemianopia; nausea, vertigo, tinnitus, syncope; dysphagia, dysarthria; sometimes confusion and drowsiness |
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Term
| Anterior portion of pons (vertebral arteries) |
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Definition
| "locked-in" syndrome- no movement except eyelids; sensation and consciousness preserved |
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Term
| complete occlusion or hemorrhage of vertebral arteries |
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Definition
| coma, miotic pupils, decerebrate rigidity, resp & circ abn, death |
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Term
| Posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Definition
| supplies lateral and posterior portion of medulla |
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Term
| posterior inferior cerebellar artery problems |
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Definition
| Wallenberg syndrome; dysphagia, dysphonia; ipsilat anesthesia of face and cornea for pain and temp; ipsilat Horner syndrome; contralat loss of pain and temp senstaion in trunk and extremities; ipsilat decompensation of movement |
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Term
| Anterior inferior and superior cerebellar arteries |
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Definition
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Term
| anterior inferior and superior cerebellar arteries problems |
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Definition
| difficulty in articulation, swallowing, gross movements of limbs; nystagmus |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies anterior spinal cord |
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Term
| anterior spinal artery problems |
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Definition
| flaccid paralysis, below level of lesion; loss of pain, touch, temp sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies posterior spinal cord |
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Term
| posterior spinal artery problems |
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Definition
| sensory loss, particularly proprioception, vibration, touch, and pressure |
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Term
| HIV Encephalopathy/ AIDS Dementia Complex |
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Definition
-progressive dementia related to direct HIV infection of brain tissue
-difficult to differentiate from clinical depression early on
-onset: HA, ST memory loss, difficulty wth concentration, inability to follow complex directions
-eventual global impairment-behavior changes
-hyperreflexia, incr tone, slowed/rapid rhythmic movements, gait ataxia
-fecal/urinary incontinence |
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Term
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Definition
-debilitating, degenerative d/o
-BBB breaks down, permitting immune cells into myelinated white matter of brain/spinal cord
-gradual progression; unpredictable, variable
-Sx: fatigue, bowel/bladder/sexual dysfunction, sensory changes, muscle weakness, ataxia, visual disturbances, cognitive/emotional changes
-onset: 20-40yrs
-affects women 2x more often than men |
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Term
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Definition
-characterized by episodic, sudden, involuntary contractions of a muscle group
-results from excessive discharge of cerebral neurons
-possibly caused by systemic ds, head trauma, toxins, stroke, hypoxia
-assoc. w/ disturbances in consciousness, behavior, sensation
-urinary/fecal incontinence |
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Term
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Definition
-acute inflammation of brain and spinal cord incl meninges
-often viral in etiology
-onset: mild febrile viral syndrome w/ malaise; then quiescence before CNS function disturbance (confusion, lethargy, coma)
-signs of meningitis may be present |
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Term
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Definition
-inflammatory process of meninges (arachnoid and pia)
-viral or bacterial etiologies
-Sx: HA, photophobia, chills, nausea, stiff neck
-Signs: fever, nuchal rigidity, seizures, alterations inconsciousness
-bacterial is life-threatening |
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Term
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Definition
-multisystem infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
-1st stage: bulls eye rash
-2nd stage: neurologic signs: HA, meningitis, encephalitis, polyneuritis, facial paralysis, choreic movements, spastic paralysis, ataxia
-3rd stage: arthritis, acrodermatitis |
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Term
| Space-Occupying Lesions/ Intracranial Tumors |
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Definition
-abn growth of neural or non-neural tissue- primary or metastatic cancer
-displaces tissue and pressure on CSF circ- threatening function through compression and tissue destruction
-early sx: HA, papilledema, vomiting, seizures, behavior/personality changes
-peak ages of onset: 3-12yo and 50-70yo |
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Term
| Cerebrovascular accident: 5 major warning signs |
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Definition
1. sudden weakness/numbness/paralysis of face, arms, legs esp on 1 side
2. sudden visual disturbance
3. sudden confusion, difficulty speaking, or understanding speech
4. sudden severe HA
5. sudden trouble walking, loss of balance or falling |
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Term
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Definition
-chronic autoimmune neuromuscular ds of LMNs and muscle fibers
-immune system attacks synaptic junction b/w nerve and muscle fibers
-insidious; muscle fatigue and progressive weakness of volunatry muscles
-initial weakness of eyes, face, mouth, throat and neck (chewing, swallowing and speech affected)
-resp muscles may become weak impairing breathing (could be life-threatening) |
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Term
| Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis) |
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Definition
-follows a non-specific infection 10-14 days earlier
-affects motor and autonomic peripheral nerves
-characterized by ascending symmetric weakness incr in severity over days-wks
-sensory loss, hyporeflexia, areflexia may occur
-motor paralysis and resp muscle failure req life support |
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Term
| Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) |
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Definition
-recurrent paroxysmal sharp pain radiating into 1 or more branches of CN-V
-chronic compression of CN-V by small artery wearing away myelin or irritation of afferent portion of CN-V
-sharp, jabbing pain on 1 side of face lasting sec-min
-onset: 40-60yo, F>M |
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Term
| Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) |
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Definition
-recurrent paroxysmal sharp pain radiating into 1 or more branches of CN-V
-chronic compression of CN-V by small artery wearing away myelin or irritation of afferent portion of CN-V
-sharp, jabbing pain on 1 side of face lasting sec-min
-onset: 40-60yo, F>M |
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Term
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Definition
-motor and sensory loss; most commonly in hands and feet
-numbness, tingling, burning, and cramping
-causes: DM, toxins (kerosene), B12 def
-Abn exam: wasting of foot muscle, absent foot/knee reflexes, no vibratory sense, loss of pain/sharp touch sensation
-leads to ulcerations, infections, deformities |
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Term
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Definition
-signs: delayed gross motor development, spasticity/hypotonia, abn of posture, motor performance, and reflexes, sensory impairment
-MR in 60% cases
-severity based on degree of motor impairment
-may have near-normal functioning |
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Term
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Definition
-Child abuse: violent shaking
-shaking causes shearing injuries by acceleration, deceleration, rotation forces; brain and spinal cord may be affected
-cerebral contusion +/- skull fx
-signs: retinal hemorrhages, altered consciousness, subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhages, death |
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Term
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Definition
-progressive encephalopathy; uknown cause
-affects F 6-18mo
-signs: loss of voluntary hand movement, loss of previously acquired hand skills, growth retardation, rigidity of legs, seizure, loss of facial expression, autistic behavior
-survive several yrs in helpless state |
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Term
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Definition
-neuropathies resulting in weakness in lower extremities due to mechanical compression of nerves during delivery
-postpartum foot drop: compression of nerves in lumbosacral trunk or compression of peroneal nerve
-reversible if axons are not crushed and nerves degenerated |
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Term
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Definition
-slow, progressive degenerative d/o of brain's dopamine neuronal system
-tremors at rest and when fatigued; improved w/ intended movements and sleep
-tremor of head, bradykinesia, bilat pill-rolling
-delayed execution of movement, masked facial expression, poor blink reflex
-gait is slowed, shuffling w/ forward flexed trunk
-speech problems, postural instability
-behavioral changes and dementia occurs in 10-15% |
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Term
| Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
-dilated ventricles w/ intracranial pressure in normal range
-signs: gait d/o, psychomotor slowing, incontinence, progressive dementia w/ memory loss (3 w's: wet, wobbly, weird)
-often correctable by ventriculoperitoneal shunt |
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Term
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Definition
-reappearance of neurological signs in survivors of polio epidemic
-unknown cause
-profoundly fatigued w/ minimal exertion, weakness, muscle/joint pain, dysphagia, dyspnea, cold intolerance
-possible resp compromise w/ loss of muscle strength |
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Term
| Benign Essential (Familial) Tremor |
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Definition
-cause unknown
-begins at any age; enhanced by emotional stress; may interfere w/ manual skills
-usually seen in upper extremities, sometimes head
-speech may be affected |
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Term
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Definition
-inherited autosomal dominant d/o
-usually does not develop until after 30
-progressive chorea and dementia; fatal in 15-20yrs from onset
-early signs; irritability, moodiness, antisocial behavior, fidgetiness, restlessness |
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Term
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Definition
-unilat facial muscle weakness
-unknown cause
-paralysis of all muscles supplied by CN VII or variable weakness
-weakness is abrupt and progresses over hrs-days
-may demonstrate impairment in taste, lacrimation, or hyperacusis
-60% resolve spontaneously
-rarely permanent |
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Term
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Definition
1. Duchenne's: progressive proximal weakness followed by distal weakness and resp distress and death by 3rd decade
2. Becker's: more benign course w/ 50% survival by age 50; predominantly proximal sx
3. Myotonic: muscle myotonia, distal weakness, cataracts, frontal balding, impaired intellect, hypersomnia, testicular atrophy, cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse, cardiac conduction defects; death in 50s-60s |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Definition
-cause unknown
-progressive weakness; both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction; early ds, weakness may only affect speech, swallowing, or use of single extremity |
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