Term
depression in the lower portion of the sternum. Compression of the heart and great vessels may cause murmurs.
chest deform? |
|
Definition
| Funnel Chest (Pectus Excavatum) |
|
|
Term
There is an increased anteroposterior diameter. This shape is normal during infancy, and often accompanies aging and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest deform? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sternum is displaced anteriorly, increasing the anteroposterior diameter. The costal cartilages adjacent to the protruding sternum are depressed.
Chest deform? |
|
Definition
| Pigeon Chest (Pectus Carinatum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung abscesses, malignancy, congenital heart disease |
|
|
Term
| Multiple rib fractures may result in paradoxical movements of the thorax. As descent of the diaphragm decreases intrathoracic pressure, on inspiration the injured area caves inward; on expiration, it moves outward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal spinal curvatures and vertebral rotation deform the chest. Distortion of the underlying lungs may make interpretation of lung findings very difficult. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Breath Sounds-Bronchial or bronchovesicular over the involved area
Transmitted Voice Sounds-Spoken words louder, clearer (bronchophony), Spoken “ee” heard as “ay” (egophony) Whispered words louder, clearer (whispered pectoriloquy)
Tactile Fremitus-Increased
|
|
Definition
| Airless Lung, as in Lobar Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Late inspiratory crackles may begin in the first half of inspiration but must continue into late inspiration. They are usually fine, fairly profuse, and persist from breath to breath. They appear first at the bases of the lungs, spread upward as the condition worsens, and shift to dependent regions with changes in posture. |
|
Definition
| Causes include interstitial lung disease (such as fibrosis) and early congestive heart failure. |
|
|
Term
| Early inspiratory crackles appear and end soon after the start of inspiration. They are often coarse and relatively few in number. Expiratory crackles are sometimes associated. Causes include . |
|
Definition
| chronic bronchitis and asthma |
|
|
Term
| Midinspiratory and expiratory crackles are heard in __________ and Wheezes and rhonchi may be associated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wheezes occur when air flows rapidly through bronchi that are narrowed nearly to the point of closure. They are often audible at the mouth as well as through the chest wall. Causes of wheezes throughout the chest include |
|
Definition
| asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, and congestive heart failure (cardiac asthma). In asthma, wheezes may be heard only in expiration or in both phases of the respiratory cycle. Rhonchi suggest secretions in the larger airways. In chronic bronchitis, wheezes and rhonchi often clear with coughing. |
|
|
Term
| Occasionally in severe obstructive pulmonary disease, the patient is unable to force enough air through the narrowed bronchi to produce wheezing. The resulting . |
|
Definition
| silent chest is ominous and warrants immediate attention |
|
|
Term
A wheeze that is entirely or predominantly inspiratory is called .
high-pitched wheeze |
|
Definition
| stridor. It is often louder in the neck than over the chest wall. It indicates a partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea, and demands immediate attention |
|
|
Term
These movements produce creaking sounds known as
-noise confined to a relatively small area of the chest wall, and typically is heard in both phases of respiration |
|
Definition
| a pleural rub (or pleural friction rub). |
|
|
Term
| a series of precordial crackles synchronous with the heart beat, not with respiration. Best heard in the left lateral position, it is due to |
|
Definition
| mediastinal crunch or (Hamman's Sign) due to mediastinal emphysema (pneumomediastinum). |
|
|
Term
Lateral displacement of the trachea in |
|
Definition
pneumothorax- contra
pleural effusion-contra
atelectasis-ipsi |
|
|
Term
| sinus tracts usually indicate |
|
Definition
| infection of the underlying pleura and lung (as in tuberculosis, actinomycosis). |
|
|
Term
Causes of unilateral decrease or delay in chest expansion include . |
|
Definition
| chronic fibrosis of the underlying lung or pleura, pleural effusion, lobar pneumonia, pleural pain with associated splinting, and unilateral bronchial obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Fremitus is decreased or absent when the voice is soft or when the transmission of vibrations from the larynx to the surface of the chest is impeded. Causes include |
|
Definition
| a very thick chest wall; an obstructed bronchus; COPD; separation of the pleural surfaces by fluid (pleural effusion), fibrosis (pleural thickening), air (pneumothorax), or an infiltrating tumor |
|
|
Term
| asymmetric increased fremitus in |
|
Definition
| unilateral pneumonia from increased transmission |
|
|
Term
Flatness-eg Large pleural effusion
Dullness- Lobar pneumonia
Resonance-Simple chronic bronchitis or norm
Hyperresonance-COPD, pneumothorax
Tympany(loud w/ high pitch)-Large pneumothorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormally high diaphram level suggests |
|
Definition
| pleural effusion, or a high diaphragm as in atelectasis or diaphragmatic paralysis. |
|
|
Term
Breath sounds may be decreased when |
|
Definition
| air flow is decreased (as in obstructive lung disease or muscular weakness) or when the transmission of sound is poor (as in pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or COPD). |
|
|
Term
| If bronchovesicular or bronchial breath sounds are heard in locations distant from those listed, |
|
Definition
| suspect that air-filled lung has been replaced by fluid-filled or solid lung tissue |
|
|
Term
| Increased transmission of voice sounds suggests that air-filled lung has become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Crackles may be from
Wheezes suggest
Rhonchi suggest |
|
Definition
-Crackles may be from abnormalities of the lungs (pneumonia, fibrosis, early congestive heart failure) or of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiectasis).
-Wheezes suggest narrowed airways, as in asthma, COPD, or bronchitis.
-Rhonchi suggest secretions in large airways.
|
|
|
Term
| Louder, clearer voice sounds are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When “ee” is heard as “ay,”
is called
seen in |
|
Definition
| (egophony) is present, as in lobar consolidation from pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| Louder, clearer whispered sounds are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal retraction of the lower interspaces during inspiration. Supraclavicular retraction is often present |
|
Definition
| Severe asthma, COPD, or upper airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
A lung affected by COPD often displaces the upper border of the |
|
Definition
| liver downward. It also lowers the level of diaphragmatic dullness posteriorly. |
|
|
Term
| 2nd intercostal space for needle insertion for tension pneumothorax; 4th intercostal space for chest tube insertion; T4 for lower margin of endotracheal tube on chest x-ray. |
|
Definition
|
|
