condition where bronchioles are sensitive to a variety of stimuli and hyper-react.

ie pollen, tobacco, foods

uri (cold)

allergy rhinitis (hay fever)

otitis media (earache)

sinusitis

pharyngitis/tonsilitis

influenza

pneumonia

TB

asthma

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)

cystic fibrosis

aspirin

nsaids

beta blockers

food

metabisulfide (preservative in local with epi)

barbituates and macrolides

a life threatening lower respiratory disease that involves the pancreas, liver, and lungs.

signs are barrel chest, finger clubbing, and chronic cough.

graves disease/ hyperthyroidism

treatment is

mitral valve prolapse

rheumatic heart disease

bicuspid

calcified aortic stenosis

congenital heart defects (ventricular/septal )

artificial heart valves

bacterial endocarditis

conduits/shunts (unrepaired/partial repair)

repaired congentital heart defect within 6 months

passage open between 2 great arteries that arise from heart.

normally open in utero but should close after birth.

genetic (downs)

environmental (viral, drugs, thalidomides)

rubella vaccine

no drugs during pregnancy

radiologic precautions

control tobacco, drug, alcohol

poor profusion of oxygenated blood

tired

dypsnea

cyanosis of lips

poor growth

chest deformity

heart murmurs

permanent heart damage, suceptability to Infective endocarditis

low grade fever

joint pain (migratory polyarthritis)

heart muscle, cns, skin and rarely tmj involvement.

carditis-inflammation of heart

mitral valve affected most, followed by aortic valve.

stenosis of heart valves (incompetent mitral and aortic valves)

murmurs

arrythmias

SOB, angina pain, high bp, congestive HF

120-139/80-89

lifestyle intervention

smoking

heredity

overweight

race

climate

salt

sex-men more often before age 45

age

stress

type of hypertension where and underlying medical condition is the cause:

oral contraceptives

renal disease

endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetes)

occipital headache

dizzy

vision issues

weak

ringing in ears

tingling hands and feet

sob

chest pain(like angina)

diet (limit alcohol, reduce sodium, reduce saturated fat/cholesterol, get enough potassium calcium and magnesium.

reduce stress

quit smoking

drugs

lose weight

diuretic (lasix)

calcium channel blockers

vasodilators

antgiotension (ace inhibitors)

beta blockers

muscle contraction is controlled by calcium.

 calcium is needed in muscle

relax and widen blood vessels

make blood flow easier

lower bp

nifedipine (procardia)

amlodipine (norvasc)

diltiazem (cardizem)

gingival overgrowth!!!

ace inhibitors

examples are

vasotec

captopril

lotenson

what do they do?

involve angiotensin II and stimulation of aldosterone (from adrenal gland) 

end result relaxation and widening of blood vessels 

doxazosin mesylate

propranolol hydrochloride

prazosin hydrochloride

block sympathetic autonomic nervous system (sans for fight or flight)

block epinephrine, adrenaline

lower heart rate, amount of blood pumped, heart beat force and lower bp

Ischemic heart disease

the result of imbalance of oxygen and demand on myocardium.

antianginal (vasodilators)

antihypertensives (diuretics)

antidysrhythmics (stabilize rythm)

calcium channel blockers (decrease cardiac workload)

beta blockers decrease heart rate and bp

coronary dilation (balloon insertion)

coronary bypass

angina pectoris most common atherosclerotic disease

postition upright in emergency and give nitroglycerine

terminate treatment

summon assistance

nitroglycerine

oxygen

record vitals

cpr

coronary occlusion, thrombosis, blood flow are causes

necrosis of area happens

inability of heart to adequately pump to meet needs of body.

valve damage

myocardial damage due to MI

ischemia

fluid collects in different parts of body

lungs affected on left

SOB

pale

sweaty, cold

weak fatigue

cough

nocturia

tachycardia

anxiety

right side ankles

weak

cold hands and feet

cyanosis of nail beds

prominent jugular vein

anxiety

drugs

diet (limit salt, lose weight)

limit activity

position upright

oxygen

vitals

medical assistance

reassure pt.

 most are cardiovascular

aneurysm

ventricular fibrillation

lack of oxygen to heart

demand: works when needed

fixed: works continuous

medical history and consent

elevate head

lead apron for protection

manual instrumentation

avoid ultrasonic

hard to breath

dizzy

changes in pulse

swelling of legs, ankles

chest pain

prolonged hiccoughing!!!!!!!

turn off all devices

get help

oxygen

CPR

cardio disease to prevent embolus and thrombus formation

most common are:

heparin and coumadin

heparin is used in hospital drip

coumadin (warfarin) is outpatient

Immunosupressive therapy for heart transplant

aka anti rejection drugs

cyclosporin (gingival overgrowth)

azathioprine

prednisone

55% plasma

45% element (44% erythrocytes

1% leukocytes)

destruction of RBC's

can be hereditary (sickle cell)

or aquired (from drug)

pale thin skin

fever

dyspnea

headache, vertigo

see spots

brittle nails with convexity

pale mucosa and gingiva

atrophic glossitis

smooth and shiny tongue

burning sensation

angular chelitis

iron

use straw to avoid stain teeth

large RBC's 

deficiency in b12 folate or both

pernicious anemia

folate anemia

which megaloblastic anemia has a lack of intrinsic factor and gets vit b12 shots

symptoms include:;

palpitations

weight loss

syncope

hard to walk

confusion

atrophic glossitis

burning tongue

 flabby red shiny tongue

loss of filiform papillae

pain swallowing

pale gingiva

spina bifida w/pregnancy and neural tube defects

 cancer

drugs

sickle cell anemia  affects black community, malformed shape of RBC's they cannot carry hemoglobin.  

symptoms include

hypoxia

dehydrated

changes in body temp

tired

tissue infarction

systemic damage could occur in kidneys, heart, cva

osteoporosis

trabecular pattern appears on bone in radiograph

pale tissue

juandice from liver damage

perio

use local without epi!!!  (mepivicain)

pt may need premed

increase in RBC's loss of plasma

oral signs:

purplish red color of tongue

enlarged gingiva

bleeds

petechia

echymosis and hemotoma

phlebotemy

chemo or radiation