Term
| List the steps of neurotransmission |
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Definition
1. Synthesis of the NT 2. Storage of the NT 3. Axonal conduction 4. Releast of the NT 5. NT binds to postjunctional receptors 6. Initates inhibition or excitation 7. Degradation of NT |
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Term
| List the 3 catecholamines. What AA are they derived from |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Norepineprine and Epineprhine. they come from tyrosine |
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Term
| There are 3 pathways in the brain that use dopamine what are they? |
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Definition
| Nigrostriatal pathway, Mesolimbic pathway and tuberoblasal ventral hypothalamus pathway |
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Term
| the nigrostriatal pathway is where in the brain |
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Definition
| Substrantia nigra to the striatum |
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Term
| What's the function of the Nigrostriatal pathway? |
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Definition
| Regulation of motor activity |
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Term
| A defect in the substantia nigra leads to this disease |
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Definition
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Term
| What two drugs are used in parkinson's disease? what's there MOA |
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Definition
| L-dopa allows for more dopamine to be made and Carbidopa inhibits decarboxlyase allowing more dopa to be available |
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Term
| What areas cover the mesolimbic pathway? |
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Definition
| Ventral tegmental area to the limbic structures |
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Term
| What is the function of the Mesolimbic pathway |
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Definition
| Regulates emotion and rewards for pleasurable stimuli |
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Term
| Drugs of abuse target this pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| D2 antagonist target what pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the function of the Tuberoblasal ventral hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Regulate hypothalamic hypophyseal function |
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Term
| The tuberoblasal ventral hypothalamus is the target of _____ that inhibits _____ release |
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Definition
| dopamine and inhibits prolactin release |
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Term
| Which two drugs block the storage of dopamine |
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Definition
| Reserpine and Tetrabenazine |
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Term
| There are two things that cause the release of dopamine what are they? |
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Definition
| Calcium mediated release and Amphetamines |
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Term
| Which dopamine receptors are coupled to G-proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| What blocks Dopamine uptake in the synpase |
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Definition
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Term
| Dopamine is degraded by _____ which is the target of treatment for this disease |
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Definition
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Term
| NE cell bodies are in the _____ _____ & the ______ ______ area of the _______ _____ |
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Definition
| locus coeruleus and the lateral tegmenal area of the reticular formation |
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Term
| What's the function of NE |
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Definition
| it's involved in attention & arousal |
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Term
| the neurons for epinephrine are in |
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Definition
| Medullary reticular formation |
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Term
| NE and E has the same carrier that transports them inside of vesicles, what drug blocks this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two drugs cause the release of NE & E |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergic receptors are the target of this beta blocker |
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Definition
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Term
| The reuptake of NE and E into the presynaptic terminal is blocked by |
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Definition
| tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, cocaine) |
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Term
| What are the actions of amphenomines in NT |
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Definition
| they block the uptake of DA, NE, E into vesicles and block the uptake of DA back into the pre-synpase |
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Term
| Cocaine has what effects on NT |
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Definition
| blocks the uptake of DA, NE, E back into the presynapatic terminal |
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Term
| NE and E are both degraded by MAOa which is inhibited by |
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Definition
| Tranylcypromine an antidepressant |
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Term
| Where are the neurons of serotonin |
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Definition
| Raphe nuclei and midline region of the pons and upper brain stem |
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Term
| Serotonin is derived from which AA via what enzyme |
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Definition
| Tryptophan via AA decarboxylase |
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Term
| Serotonin is degraded by MAO and aaldehyde dehydrogenase |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the serotonin receptors are linked to g proteins except _____ which is a _____ _____ ____ _______ |
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Definition
| 5HT3 which is a ligand gated ion channel |
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Term
| Which drug is a agonist of 5-HT2A receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| What blocks re-uptake of serotonin |
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Definition
| tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine) and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors like fluoxetine |
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Term
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Definition
| Monoamine oxidase A and aldehydr dehydrogenase tranycypromine |
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Term
| Where are the two places acetylcholine is used? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the spinal cord where acetylcholine is a NT. what receptors does it act on? |
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Definition
| Motoneuron-Renshaw cell synapse and they act on nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| Where in the brain is acetylcholine used as a NT? what kind of receptors does it act on? |
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Definition
Cell bodies in the neostriatum, the medial septal nucleus and the reticular formation.
Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| Acetylcholine in the brain is important in |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholine is released is increased by |
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Definition
| beta-bungarotoxin and black widow spider venom |
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Term
| Acetylcholine released is block by |
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Definition
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Term
| All the nicotinic receptors are this kind of channel |
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Definition
| ligand-gated ion channels |
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Term
| Ganglionic nicotinic receptors are block by _________ while neuromuscular junction receptors are block by _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does nicotine act on? |
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Definition
| neuronal nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| Muscarinic receptors are all __________ receptors and blocked by |
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Definition
| G protein coupled and block by atropine |
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Term
| muscarinic and nicotinic use which NT |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major inhibitory NT in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| What two places use GABA as a NT |
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Definition
| Brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| this NT uses glutamate as it's precurosr |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a GABA receptor ligand-gated chloride ion channel and a G protein coupled one, which is which? |
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Definition
| GABAA is the ligand gated one and GABAB is the G protein coupled |
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Term
| Where is glycine an inhibitory NT |
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Definition
| Spinal cord, lower brain stem and retina |
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Term
| which AA is used to make Glycine? |
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Definition
| Serine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand gated chloride ion channel |
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Term
| Give an antagonist of glycine that is used in rat poison |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important excitatory transmitter in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| glutamic acid work on what kind of receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA receptors are involved in |
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Definition
| long-term potentiation, learning and memory |
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Term
| Name the 3 ionotropic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 blockers of NMDA recpetors |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA receptor colocalizes w/ another receptor, which one? |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards w/ NMDA receptors, a short stimulation does what? |
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Definition
| activates NMDA receptor only and causing a magnesium blockade |
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Term
| If there is a extensive stimulation for NMDA receptors what happens? |
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Definition
| You get activation of AMPA receptors, no magnesium blockade and NMDA receptor fully activated |
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Term
| NMDA uses ______ which is the basis for |
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Definition
| Calcium which is the basis for learning and memory |
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Term
| Where are the majority of histamine neurons? |
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Definition
| Ventral posterior hypothalamus |
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Term
| All of hisamine are of what type |
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Definition
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Term
| __ receptors are the most widespread distribution in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| which H1 antagonist is used for anti-allergy |
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Definition
| Diphenhydramine, loratadine |
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Term
| H2 antagonist work where? |
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Definition
| To decrease gastric acid secretion in the stomach |
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Term
| which NT is considered to be a neuromodulator? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 adenosine antagonist |
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Definition
| Xanthines, caffine and theophylline |
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Term
| Are endocannabinoids stored? |
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Definition
| No they are synthesized & released from post synaptic neurons |
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Term
| CB1 receptor is predominantly where? how about CB2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cannabinoid receptors affect |
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Definition
| memory, cognition, pain perception and appetite |
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Term
| S9-THC is the main ingredient in _____ acts on cannabinoid receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| NO is derived from which AA |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NO do in the periphery? How about in the CNS |
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Definition
in the periphery it's an important regulator of smooth muscle tone and inflammatory reponse.
In the CNS it enhances glutamate induced neurotoxicity |
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Term
| What are the actions of peptides? |
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Definition
1. Function as a primary neurotransmitter
2. Increase or decrease the amount of NT release
3. Regulate the actions of the coexisting primary NT
4. Regulate the rate of production of the coexisting primary transmitter |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of opiod peptides |
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Definition
beta-endorphin from POMC
leu- and met-enkephalin from proenkephalin
dynorphins from prodynophin |
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Term
| What are the functions of opiods |
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Definition
1. Modulate pain perception and mood
2. Regulate CV, respiratory, GI and immune functions |
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