Term
| When doing liver enzyme tests, is ALT or AST specific to the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| A marked (>1000) increase in aminotransferases (ALT and AST) suggests this |
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Definition
| Toxin/drug induced hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, liver ischaemia |
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Term
| A modest (300-500) increase in aminotransferases (ALT and AST) suggests this |
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Definition
| Chronic/autoimmune/alcoholic hepatitis, biliary obstruction |
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Term
| A mild (<300) increase in aminotransferases (ALT and AST) suggests this |
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Definition
| Cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, haemochromatosis |
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Term
| A ratio of ALT:AST where ALT>AST suggests this |
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Definition
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Term
| A ratio of ALT:AST where ALT |
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Definition
| Establishes cirrhosis (smaller difference), alcoholic liver disease (bigger difference) |
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Term
| A marked increase (>4x normal) in ALP suggests this |
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Definition
| Cholestasis (gallstones, pancreatic CA, drugs) |
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Term
| A marked increase (<3x normal) in ALP suggests this |
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Definition
| Hepatitis, cirrhosis, infiltration (hepatocellular CA) |
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Term
| This mirrors ALP and so can be used to confirm if a rise in ALP is of hepatic origin |
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Definition
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (yGT) |
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Term
| Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (indirect bilirubin fraction >85%) suggests this |
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Definition
| Increases RCC breakdown (haemoliytic anaemia), impaired hepatic uptake (drugs, CFF), impaired conjugation |
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Term
| Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (direct bilirubin fraction >50%) suggests this |
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Definition
| Hepatocellular dysfunction (liver diseases), impaired hepatic secretion (cholestasis) |
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Term
| You would find low albumin + high protein in these cases |
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Definition
| Advanced cirrhosis, alcoholism, protein malnutrition, chronic inflammation |
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Term
| You would find low albumin + normal protein in these cases |
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Definition
| Infection (negative acute phase reactant) |
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Term
| You would find high albumin + high protein in these cases |
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Definition
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Term
| What prothrombin time/INR would you expect to see in liver disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine dipstick - high specific gravity suggests this |
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Definition
| Dehydration, proteinuria, renal artery stenosis |
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Term
| Urine dipstick - low specific gravity suggests this |
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Definition
| Diabetes insipidus, renal failure, excess hydration |
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|
Term
| Urine dipstick - alkaline urine suggests this |
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Definition
Systemic - vegetarian/low carb diet
Local - UTI, renal tubular acidosis |
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Term
| Urine dipstick - acidic urine suggests this |
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Definition
Systemic - acidosis, starvation, diarrhoea
Acidic diet - high protein, cranberry |
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Term
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Definition
| Neoplasm, obstruction, trauma, inflammation (UTI) |
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Term
| Haemaglobinuria suggests this |
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Definition
| Intravascular haemolysis, burns, pre-eclampsia, sickle cell crisis, multiple myeloma |
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Term
| Increased protein in urine could be a sign of this |
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Definition
| Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, renovascular disease, myeloma, UTI |
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Term
| Nitrites in the urine are suggestive of this |
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Definition
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Term
| Ketones in urine are suggestive of this |
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Definition
| Starvation, low carb diet, diabetes/DKA, alcoholism, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| Glucose in the urine is suggestive of this |
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Definition
| Diabetes mellitus, Cushings, thyrotoxicosis/acromegaly |
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Term
| Increased urobilinogen is found in these cases |
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Definition
| Haemolytic anaemia, malaria |
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Term
| Decreased urobilinogen is found in these cases |
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Definition
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Term
| High pH, low CO2, normal HCO3-, and high O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal pH, high CO2, high HCO3-, and low O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Low pH, very high CO2, high HCO3-, and very low O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased pH, low CO2, normal HCO3-, normal or elevated O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Low pH, high CO2, normal HCO3-, low O2 |
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Definition
| Decreased respiratory drive (life threatening asthma, opiate overdose) |
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Term
| Normal pH, CO2, and HCO3-, but low O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| High pH, low CO2, normal HCO3-, low O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Microcytic anaemia causes |
|
Definition
| Thalassemia, anaemia of chronic disease, iron deficiency |
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Term
| Normocytic anaemia causes |
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Definition
| Haemolytic, ifiltrative, acute bleeding |
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Term
| Macrocytic anaemia, megaloblastic causes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Macrocytic anaemia, non-megaloblastic causes |
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Definition
| Alcohol, reticulocytosis, liver disease, pregnancy |
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Term
| Microcytic anaemia causes |
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Definition
| Lead poisoning, siberoblastic |
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|
Term
| Normocytic anaemia causes |
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Definition
| Renal failure, aplastic, anaemia of chronic disease |
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Term
| Anaemia, with abnormal WCC and platelet count |
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Definition
| Likely a bone marrow cause |
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Term
| Anaemia with raised reticulocytes |
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Definition
| Blood loss or haemolytic anaemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection, inflammation, necrosis, corticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignancy, stress/trauma, myeloproliferative disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Post-chemotherapy, using carbamazepam, clozapine, carbimazole |
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Term
|
Definition
| Viral infection, hypersplenism, bone marrow failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral infection, chronic infection, CLL |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral infection, HIV, post-chemo, bone marrow failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infection, autoimmune disease, leukaemias, Hodgkins disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acute infections, corticosteroid use, laeukaemias |
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Term
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Definition
| Allergy, parasitic infection, malignanacy eg Hodgkins |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasitic infection, skin diseases, drug reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Some leukaemia/lymphomas, inflammatory disorders, IgE mediated hypersensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| IgE mediated hypersensitivity, viral infection, myeloproliferative disorders |
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