Term
| Lab Procedures account for what percent on the VTNE? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Study Quality Control Image on Slide #4 About: Acuracy, Precision, Reliability, and Quality Control |
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Term
|
Definition
| When measurements agree with the true value of the quantity measured |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to obtain the same results, time after time on the same sample |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a method to be both accurate and precise |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of monitoring instruments, reagents, test procedures, technician performance, and the accuracy of reported results |
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Term
| What is a "Shift" in Quality Control? |
|
Definition
| Control values showing a sudden but consistent increase or decrease from the mean |
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|
Term
| What is a "Trend" in Quality Control |
|
Definition
| A gradual change in control values either to increase or to decrease over a period of 6 consecutive days |
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Term
| Give an example of "Pre-analytical errors" |
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Definition
| Due to collection procedures, sample labeling, sample handling and processing, shipping, sample quality, and sample type errors.These errors happen BEFORE the sample is tested |
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Term
| Give an example of "Analytical errors" |
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Definition
Performance error of biochemical assays.
Chemistry analyzers/equipment malfunction – proper maintenance, calibration, and quality assurance can eliminate analytical errors. |
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Term
| Give an example of "Post-analytical errors" |
|
Definition
Errors that occur AFTER the sample was tested.
Recording results on incorrect chart. |
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Term
The "Lavender/
Purple Tube" has ________ anticoagulant in it, and is used for ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The "Green Top Tube" has ________ anticoagulant in it, and is used for ________. |
|
Definition
-Heparin.
-Non-mammalian CBC, some CHEM profiles & electrolytes, pH, blood gases. |
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|
Term
| The "Blue Top Tube" has ________ anticoagulant in it, and is used for ________. |
|
Definition
-Sodium Citrate
-Coagulation profiles |
|
|
Term
| What are "Red Top Tubes" used for? |
|
Definition
| CHEM, and electrophoresis. |
|
|
Term
What are Red/Black “Tiger”
Tops used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is important to know the precursors of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. |
|
Definition
| Study Slide #8 on the Powerpoint. |
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|
Term
[image]
What species is this blood sample from? |
|
Definition
Avian and reptilian
-Elliptical
-Nucleated |
|
|
Term
[image]
What species is this blood sample from? |
|
Definition
Mammalian
-Circular, biconcave discs
-Anucleated |
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Term
|
Definition
Increase in cells
(terms ending in –cyte)
Ex: Monocytosis – increase in monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in cells
(terms ending in –phil)
Ex: Neutrophilia – increase in neutrophils |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease in cells
Ex: Lymphopenia – decrease in lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Review ALL of your RBC Morphology.
*Not all Morphology is listed on page #11 of review powerpoint. Please refer to Hematology powerpoint. |
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Term
| Function: Erythrocyte (RBC's) |
|
Definition
| To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Destroys bacteria by phagocytosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Turns off allergic responders and kills parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Releases histamines and other mediators of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mount immune respones by direct cell attack
(T-cells) or via antibodies (B-cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis; develope in macrophages in the tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophils in lab animals (rodents) and avian species |
|
|
Term
| What are Band neutrophil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in band neutrophils; typically indicates infection |
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|
Term
| What is a "Degenerative left shift"? |
|
Definition
| When band neutrophils exceed the number of segmented neutrophils |
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|
Term
| Name some Toxic Changes in Neutrophils. |
|
Definition
Döhle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia, nuclear vacuolation, hyposegmentation, and/or hypersegmentation
Note: these neutrophils are still functional despite these changes |
|
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Term
| What is "Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time" and how long does it take? |
|
Definition
-Time it takes for a primary platelet plug to form
-Normal animals stop bleeding between 1-5 mins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Activated Clotting Time
-Evaluates intrinsic and common pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
-Evaluates intrinsic and common pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prothrombin Time
-Evaluates extrinsic (FVII) and common pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Increased levels of bilirubin
-Typical diagnosis=jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Increase levels of lipids (fats)
-Typical diagnosis=recently fed or obese animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Increased levels of hemoglobin
-Typically human error, can be hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| 5 ways to prevent Hemolysis |
|
Definition
-Never freeze whole blood
-Never shake a blood tube
-Never force blood through a needle
-Choose the correct size needle for the vein site & animal size
-Proper centrifugation (MAX: 3500rpm for 10 minutes) |
|
|
Term
| Why is preventing hemolysis so important? |
|
Definition
-Hemolysis can interfere with lab results
-Causes false elevations in potassium and phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBC Count
PCV (manual) / HCT (automated)
Hgb concentration
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW
Platelet count
WBC Count
WBC Differential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases in Blood Cholesterol can indicate |
|
Definition
| Cholestatsis or Hypothyrodisim |
|
|
Term
| An increase in "Total bilirubin" (breakdown product of hemoglobin)can indicate |
|
Definition
| Bile duct obstruction/injury or liver failure |
|
|
Term
| A decrease in Albumin (synthesized by the liver) can indicate |
|
Definition
| Liver failure (or protein losing nephropathy or GI disorders) |
|
|
Term
| An increase in ALT (alanine aminotransferase) & AST (aspartate aminotransferase) can indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in AST & SDH (sorbitol dehydrogenase) in large animals can indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase) & ALP (alkaline phosphatase) can indicate |
|
Definition
| Cholestatis(**ALP not specific for cholestasis and may increase with certain drugs) |
|
|
Term
| Electrolyte Extracellular cation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrolyte Intracellular cation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Blood Urea Nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| BUN-breakdown component of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find creatinine? |
|
Definition
| In the skeletal muscles-muscle metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in BUN & Cr with clinical signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in BUN & Cr with no clinical signs |
|
|
Term
| Pre-Renal Azotemia typically indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal damage/Dysfunction/Disease |
|
|
Term
| Post-Renal Azotemia typically indicates |
|
Definition
Obstruction
-View the UA report to determine between the types of azotemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein Losing Nephropathy, liver dysfunctions, or GI problems |
|
|
Term
| Acute pancreatitis or obstruction of pancreatic ducts test looks for |
|
Definition
| Increase in amylase & lipase (canine only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – breakdown of starches and glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – breakdown of long-chain fatty acids of lipids |
|
|
Term
| The Chronic pancreatitis test uses |
|
Definition
Trypsin (fecal test) – produced by the pancreas
-Proteolytic enzyme that aids in digestion of proteins
-More readily detectable in feces than in blood
-Absence of trypsin in feces is abnormal |
|
|
Term
| The TLI (trypsinlike immunoreactivity) test is used to Diagnose |
|
Definition
| Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs (low levels of trypsin) |
|
|
Term
| Feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPli) is used to test for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A increase in Glucose could indicate (3) |
|
Definition
| Diabetes mellitus, Excitement, or Stress |
|
|
Term
| Increased fructosamine indicates |
|
Definition
| Persistent hyperglycemia (true diabetes mellitus) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid function involves testing (4) |
|
Definition
-T4 and T3
-TSH (pituitary gland)
-Parathyroid glands
-Blood Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
|
|
Term
| Exaggerated post ACTH cortisol levels indicate |
|
Definition
| Hyperadrenocorticism-Cushing’s Disease |
|
|
Term
| Reduced post-ACTH cortisol concentrations indicate |
|
Definition
| Hypoadrenocorticism-Addison’s Disease |
|
|
Term
| High post-cortisol Adrenal gland levels indicate |
|
Definition
| Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| Normal post-cortisol Adrenal gland levels indicate |
|
Definition
| Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal dysfunction is increasingly common due to the misuse of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disturbances of Electrolytes can result from altered functions of (4) |
|
Definition
-GI tract
-Kidneys
-Skin
-Endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Magnesium
Calcium
Phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unusual variation in overall cell size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variability in the size & shape of same cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The microscopic examination of cells that have been exfoliated from tissues or have accumulated in fluid (NOT within normal environment) |
|
|
Term
| Histopathology definition: |
|
Definition
| The microscopic examination of tissue (within its normal environment) in order to study the manifestations of disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low cell numbers; mix of parabasal & intermediate cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mix of intermediate and superficial cells; +/- RBC’s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superficial cells almost exclusively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden return of mix of intermediate and parabasal cells;increasing numbers of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Serological tests uses __________ to detect _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
|
|
Term
[image]
What typy of Serology test is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the 5 classes of Antibodies
(GAMED) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the five Antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three urination collection types |
|
Definition
-Free catch (midstream) or voided
-Catheterization
-Cystocentesis |
|
|
Term
| Best time to obtain a urine sample is? |
|
Definition
| First thing in the morning. |
|
|
Term
| Most species have clear urine except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specific gravity
Horse & cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specific gravity
Isothenuric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urine dipstick test for (7) |
|
Definition
pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Blood
Leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 different stains used when Gram Staining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is a Gram positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is a Gram negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lactophenol cotton blue stain
Used to identify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium and Nocardia species |
|
|
Term
| 6 general types of culture media |
|
Definition
Transport media
General purpose media
Enriched media
Selective media
Differential media
Enrichment media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common microorganisms found on a CMT? |
|
Definition
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Corynebacterium species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of SA
Nematodes |
|
Definition
Toxocara canis/cati – ascarids of young dogs & cats
Ancylostoma caninum/tubaeforme – canine & feline hookworms
Trichuris vulpis – canine whipworm
Trichuris campanula and serrata – feline whipworms |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of SA
Cestodes |
|
Definition
Dipylidium caninum – double-pored tapeworm
IH – flea |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of SA
Flukes |
|
Definition
| Nanophyetus salmincola – salmon poisoning fluke of dogs |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of SA
Protozoa |
|
Definition
Cystoisospora species – SI coccidia of dogs & cats
Toxoplasma gondii – definitive host=cats
Cryptosporidium species – dog and cats
Giardia species – flagellated protozoa of dogs & cats |
|
|
Term
Common Circulatory Parasites of SA
Nematodes |
|
Definition
| Dirofilaria immitis – IH=mosquitoes, DH=dogs, accidental=cats |
|
|
Term
Common Circulatory Parasites of SA
Protozoa |
|
Definition
Babesia canis – intracellular parasite of canine erythrocytes
Cytauxzoon felis – intracellular parasite of feline erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of LA
Nematodes |
|
Definition
Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, and Cooperia species – trichostrongyles of ruminants
Habronema and Draschia species – equine stomach roundworm
Parascaris equorum – equine roundworm
Trichuris ovis – ovine whipworm |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of LA
Cestodes |
|
Definition
Moniezia species – tapeworm of ruminants
Anoplocephala species – tapeworms of horses |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of LA
Flukes |
|
Definition
| Fasciola hepatica – liver fluke of ruminants |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of LA
Protozoa |
|
Definition
Eimeria species – coccidia of ruminants and horses
Cryptosporidium species – coccidia of ruminants |
|
|
Term
GI Endoparasites of LA
Arthropods |
|
Definition
| Gasterophilus intestinalis – horse bot – fly larva in horse stomach |
|
|
Term
Common Circulatory Parasites of LA
Protozoa |
|
Definition
Babesia bigemina – intracellular parasite of bovine erythrocytes
Theileria equi and Babesia caballi – intracellular parasites of equine erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| External Parasites Collection Techniques (3) |
|
Definition
Cellophane Tape
Deep Skin Scrape
Regular Skin Scraping |
|
|
Term
| Parasites seen using Cellophane Tape |
|
Definition
| Cheyletiella, Psoroptes, or Chorioptes species |
|
|
Term
| Parasites seen using Deep Skin Scrape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasites seen using Regular Skin Scraping |
|
Definition
Sarcoptes scabiei species
Mallophaga – chewing lice (order)
Anoplura – sucking lice (order) |
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|
