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Clin Med exam 3
Principles of oncology
49
Medical
Graduate
10/27/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is cancer?
Definition
A cellular tumor, the natural course of which is fatal
Term
what is a tumor?
Definition
a new growth of tissue (neoplasm) in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive
Term
What is malignant?
Definition
tending to become progressively worse and results in death. exhibits properties of anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
lack of differentiation
Term
Differentiation
Definition

extent to which tumor cells resemble normal cells

 

the more normal looking the cell-"well differentiated"

Term
metastasis
Definition
spread from one place to another
Term
benign
Definition
not malignant
Term
oncology
Definition
study of tumors
Term
-oma
Definition
neoplasm
Term
mesenchymal tumors
Definition
-from muscle, bone, tendon, cartilage, fat, vessels, lymphoid, and fibrous tissue
Term
Benign- named according to
Definition
cell typle, lipoma, fibroma, hemangioma, leiomyoma
Term
malignant refered to as:
Definition
sarcomas (liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma)
Term
tumors of the blood
Definition

type of mesenchymal tumors

 

-leukemia

-lymphoma

-myeloma

Term
Epithelial tumors:
Definition
arise from cells that cover the internal and external surfaces of the body
Term
benign epithelial tumors
Definition

adenoma (gland like)

papilloma (finger-like projections)

Term

malignant epith. tumors

(lung,breast cancers)

Definition

carcinomas

 

-adenicarcinoma (gland like)

-squamous cell carcinoma (plate like)

 

further classified by tissue of origin:

bronchogenic carcinoma-lung

hepatocellular carcinoma-liver cancer

Term
the big 4 types of cancer:
Definition

lung

breast

prostate

colon

Term

biggest killer of people (cancer)

 

Definition
lung
Term

1.most diagnosed cancer in men

 

2....in women

 

 

Definition

1. prostate

 

2. breast

Term
The cell cycle and its relation to cancer:
Definition

1. healthy and cancer cells multiply by mitotic cell cycle

 

2. controlled by cell signals and events

 

3. dysregulation of cell cycle contol is pathognomonic of all cancer cells

 

Term
what deligates cancer cell replication from normal cells
Definition

-gets stuck in cycle

-enter cycle much too often

-do cycle to quickly

Term

1. oncogenes

 

2. tumor suppressor genes

Definition

1. over expression causes cells to continue proliferating

 

2. under expression causes cells to cont. proliferating

Term

MAIN POINT of cancer proliferation:

 

tissue cell number = cell proliferation - cell death

 

area of control:

Definition

 

cell death: apoptosis genes, anti-apotosis genes

 

cell proliferation: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

Term
malignant cell features:
Definition

dont know how to work properly

grow out of control

forget to die

travel

abnormal genes

Term
histological features of cancer cells:
Definition

large variation in size and shape

large immature nucleaus

prominent nucleoli

high nuclear to cytoplasmic ration

high micotic activity

bizarre mitotic figures

Term
What causes cancer?
Definition

1. Genetic factors

2. Environmental factors-chem, radiation, infect agents

3. lifestyle choices-tob, alcoho,uv,diet

4.immune dysfunction

Term
Genetics factors that cause cancer:
Definition

familial clustering of cancer- oncogenes or tumor suppressor geens

 

specific chromosomal abnormalities-down syndrome

Term

1. tissue that is most sensitive to radiation

 

2. latent period of radiation:

-leukemia:

-soild tumors:

 

 

Definition

1.bone marrow, breast, and thyroid

 

2. leuk- 2-5yr

solid 5-10+ yr

Term
types of infectious agents:
Definition

fungal aflatoxin - liver

hep a and c - live

H. pylori -stomach

schistosoma infection worm- bladder

HTLV-1 - tcell lymphoma, leukemia

HPV- uterine cervix

BV - lymphoma, nasopharynx

Term
Immune dysfunction: increased cancer rates in:
Definition

1. transplant pts

2. HIV infection

3. congenital immune deficiency

Term
Most cancers are probably caused by:
Definition
a combo of genetics + environmental/lifesyle factors
Term

Seven warning signs

 

many different ways cancer can show up

Definition

Change in bowel or bladder habit

A sore that doesnt heal

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Thicking or lump

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

Obvious change in wart or mole

Nagging cough or hoarseness

Term

Asbestos alone

 

Asbestos exposure + smoking

 

Epstein-barr with mono:

Definition

1. Asbestos alone: 4-5 fold cancer

 

2. Asbestos and smoking Combo: 50-90 times

 

3. Burkitts lymphoma, nasopharyn, hodgkins, cns lymphoma

 

 

Term
Local mass effects:
Definition

1. Obliteration of normal tissue

 

2. Compression of normal structures

 

3. Pressure/stretching in nerve fibers --> pain

Term

Remote effects common to all tumors:

 

1. Paraneoplastic syndrome

 

2. Other sytemic effects:

Definition

1. caused by substances secreted by tumor cells

 

2. Anorexia, weight loss, cachexia (skin-and-bones), fever, itching

Term

Metastasis: Types

 

important for drug development

 

series of steps:

Definition

1.transformation

2. Angiogenesis-new blood suply (food, highway out)

3. Motility and invasion

4. embolism and circulation

5. arrest in capillary beds

6. adherence

7. extravasation into organ parenchyma

8. response to microenvironment: tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis

9. metastases

Term

diagnosis and staging of cancer

 

Definition

Pathologic examination of tissue samples

 

-only way to exclude inflammatory process, hyperplasia, benign tumors

 

-only way to select therapy

Term
Staging system: Tumor, node, metasis (TNM)
Definition

T= primary tumor (inc size)

N= regional lymph nodes (inc #)

M= distant metastasis (M1=stage 4)

 

Stage of tumor (I-iV) is based on TNM

 

Stage correlates with prognosis and response to treatment

 

Term

Tumor markers

 

Funx

Definition

substances which can be measured in blood and are indicatibe of tumor activity

 

-screen high risk

-establishing specific diagnosis

-monitor effectiveness of treatment

-early dection of recurrent disease

Term
treatment of surgery:
Definition

1. surgery is MC

-provides tissues for diagnosis

-allows staging

-best chance for cure in most solid tumore

-also palliation (comfort)

Term
Radiation tx
Definition

used alone or in combo with surgery and chemo

damages dna

effects last 4-6 wks

also for palliation

 

+++brain can sustain the most radiation

Term
chemotherapy tx
Definition

++poison given in sub lethal doses, rapid cell dividing most sensitive, normal cells can recover malignant cant, diferent tumors respond different, drugs used in combo

 

systemic tx

work through a variety of mechanisms

-may be used for cure, improvement in survival, and palliation

Term
Chemotherapy side effects:
Definition

most at rapidly dividing cells:

1. hair

2. lining of GI tract

3. bone marrow

 

++other toxicity based on drugs- heart, kidney etc

Term
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Definition

give chemo even when cancer isnt visible:

-Breast and colon cancer!

= many times microscopic disease left behind-likely in lymph nodes

 

-

Term
Immunotherapy
Definition

sucessful tumors escape immune detection and elimination

 

Boosts patients immune respone against the tumor

 

+++used for melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and some hematologic malignancies

 

tumor vaccines

(PROVENGE-boost up white blood cells)

Term
Targeted Therapy
Definition

drugs tha target specific cell processes required for cell growth, survival, and/or metastasis

 

++enzyme inhibitors andiogenesis inhibitors, apoptosis-indusing durgs

 

rx: Gleevec (imatinib)

Term
targeted therapy: Monoclonal antibodies
Definition

attach to cell surface proteints and direct immune attch or deliver another drug

 

RX: Rituxan (rituxumab)

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