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Clin.Lab Med. Quiz 1
all stuff on first quiz
86
Health Care
Professional
01/17/2012

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Term
What fluctuates with circadian rhythms>
Definition
cortisol
Term
Which test abnormalities are likely to be more significant? multiple or single?
Definition
Multiple test abnormalites
Term
When should tests only be performed?
Definition
when they alter the pt's diagnosis, prognosis, treatment or management.
Term
What are more likely to cause incorrect results? clerical errors or technical errors?
Definition
clerical
Term
Why was JCAHO formed? (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations)
Definition
to encourage the voluntary attainment of uniformly high standards in institutional medical care
Term
What can be accredited by JCAHO?
Definition
Hospitals
Critical Access Hospitals (rural, small hospital)
Ambulatory Care Centers
Behavioral Health Care
Laboratories
Home Care
Long Term Care
Term
What is CAP?
Definition
College of American Pathologists
-provides accredidation to labs
the program helps laboratories achieve the highest standards of excellence to positively impact patient care.
Term
What are bloodborne pathogens?
Definition
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans
-Hep B Virus (HBV)
-HIV
Term
what is an OPIM?
Definition
Other Potentially Infectious Material
Term
ECP?
Definition
Exposure Control Plan
-such as after one is exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or OPIM
Term
What must employers log by OSHA standards?
Definition
-employees injured by contaminated sharps
-employees exposed to blood or OPM and theeir ECP
-ECP must be updated yearly
-ECPs must beat no cost to employees and during work hours
Term
What accounts for up to 80% of accidental exposure to blood? what are the other ways?
Definition
needlestick injuries

-glass capillary tubes, I.V. connectors, and disposable razors
Term
What is PPE?
Definition
Personal Protective Equiptment
Term
Which is more transmissable? Hep B Virus or HIV?
Definition
Hep B
-many people are unaware that they have the virus
-can survive for at least a wk in dried blood
-employersmust offer the Hep B vaccination to their employees
Term
How is Hep C most commonly caused?
Definition
needlestick injuries.
- chronic infection develops in 75-85% of pts
-often with no symptoms
Term
What is the leading reason for liver transplants in the U.S.?
Definition
Hep C -causes liver disease in 70% of pts. -has no vaccine -no post-exposure therapy is known at this time
Term
What is regulated waste?
Definition
in the biohazardous containers such as:
-IV tubing used to administer blood, contaminated PPE and needles
-labeled in red and/or is in red bags
Term
What is CLIA?
Definition
Clincial Laboratory Improvement Amendment
-regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans
-implemented by insurance companies (Medicaid) to accredit labs, uncertified labs are not covered by Medidaid/care
Term
Waived tests
Definition
full-proof tests that can be over the counter, and are of low risk to the pt
-are cleared by FDA for home use
-pose no harm to the pt
-easy and accurate
Term
What do the following colors represent on blood collection tubes and what do they yiels
red
green
lavender
gray
light blue
Definition
red-no additive; yields serum
green- sodium, lithium or Ammonium Heparin; yields WB or Plasma
lavender- K2EDTA or K3EDTA; yields WB or Plasma
gray-Na Fluoride/K Oxalate or Na Fluoride/ Na2EDTA; yields plasma
light blue- Na Citrate/ CTAD; yields plasma
Term
Why should you not shake RBCs?
Definition
concerned about intracellular cations such as K
Term
What is sensitivity?
Definition
ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a given disease or condition
Term
What is specificity?
Definition
ability of a test to correctly exclude individuals who do not have a given disease or condition.
Term
Where does plasma have to come from?
Definition
a venipunctured tube with anticoagulant in it
Term
What is in whole blood?
Definition
Plasma
Granulocytes (the -phils)
Agranulocytes (monocyte, lymphocyte)
RBCs
Platelets
Term
What is plasma?
Definition
anitcoagulated

The watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Clotting factors are present
Term
What is serum?
Definition
coagulated

Pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. Clotting factors have been consumed
Term
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Definition
a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, liver, and other organs.
Term
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Definition
- a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow and blood.
Term
allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Definition
a procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a compatible donor.
Term
alpha thalassemia
Definition
an inherited blood disorder affecting the alpha chains of the hemoglobin molecule.
Term
anemia
Definition
blood disorder caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells).
Term
apheresis
Definition
a procedure in which blood is removed from a patient, certain fluid and cellular elements are removed, and the blood is then infused back into the patient.
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
one type of anemia that occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Term
autologous bone marrow transplantation
Definition
a procedure in which a patient's own bone marrow is removed, treated with anticancer drugs or radiation, then returned to the patient.
Term
autosomal recessive inheritance
Definition
a gene on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, which, when present in two copies, causes a trait or disease to be expressed
Term
beta thalassemia
Definition
an inherited blood disorder affecting the beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule.
Term
biological therapy
Definition
using the body's immune system to fight cancer.
Term
blasts
Definition
immature blood cells
Term
blood plasma
Definition
the fluid part of blood that contains nutrients, glucose, proteins, minerals, enzymes, and other substances.
Term
bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Definition
the marrow may be removed by aspiration or a needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration biopsy, a fluid specimen is removed from the bone marrow. In a needle biopsy, marrow cells (not fluid) are removed. These methods are often used together.
Term
bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
Definition
the transfusion of healthy bone marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated.
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
treatment with drugs to destroy cancer cells.
Term
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Definition
a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced by the bone marrow and by organs of the lymph system.
Term
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Definition
a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Term
complete blood count (CBC)
Definition
a measurement of size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood. Contains platelets, WBCs, RBCs…
Term
factor
Definition
a protein in the blood that is needed to form the blood clot.
Term
factor V Leiden
Definition
an inherited mutation (change in a gene) in factor V which increases a person’s risk for venous thrombosis.
Can cause pt to get PE or DVT
Term
folic acid
Definition
a nutrient found in some green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans, citrus fruits, fortified breakfast cereals, and some vitamin supplements. Folic acid can help reduce the risk of birth defects of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD
Definition
a deficiency of an enzyme - G6PD - in red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia.
Can’t take certain malarial drugs.
Term
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Definition
when the donor’s immune system acts against the recipient’s tissue, after transplantation.
Term
hemarthrosis
Definition
bleeding into a joint
Term
hematocrit
Definition
the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells found in a specific volume of blood.
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
the process of producing and developing new blood cells.
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
(Also called iron overload disease.) - a metabolic disorder that causes increased absorption of iron, which is deposited in the body tissues and organs. The iron accumulates in the body where it may become toxic and cause damage.
Term
hemolytic anemia
Definition
one type of anemia in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely.
Term
hemophilia
Definition
Also called coagulation disorder.) - an inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX.
Term
Hodgkins disease
Definition
- A type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system...causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually making the body less able to fight infection. Steady enlargement of lymph glands, spleen, and other lymphatic tissue occurs.
Term
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Definition
blood disorder
-causes abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets resulting in internal bleeding
-can be acute or chronic
Term
iron-deficiency anemia
Definition
most common type of anemis
-lack of iron in the blood, which is necessary to make hbg
Term
leukapheresis
Definition
a procedure to remove excess lymphocytes from the body.
Term
leukemia
Definition
a cancer of the blood-forming tissue. Leukemic cells look different than normal cells and do not function properly.
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
part of the lymphatic system; white blood cells that fight infection and disease.
Term
lymphocytic leukemia
Definition
a type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells).
Term
megaloblastic anemia
Definition
a rare blood disorder caused by a deficiency of either folate (a B vitamin) or Vitamin B-12, resulting in an inadequate amount of red blood cells produced.
Term
myelogenous leukemia
Definition
a type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells).
Term
myeloproliferative disorders
Definition
diseases in which the bone marrow produces too many of one of the three types of blood cells: red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all the tissues in the body; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which makes blood clot.
Term
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Definition
a type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system; causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually causing tumors to grow. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells can also spread to other organs.
Term
Pernicious anemia
Definition
a type of megaloblastic anemia in which the body does not absorb enough Vitamin B-12 from the digestive tract.
Term
plateletpheresis
Definition
a procedure to remove extra platelets from the blood.
Term
pluripotent stem cell
Definition
the most primitive, undeveloped blood cell.
Term
polycythemia vera
Definition
a blood disorder where there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells.
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
an inherited blood disorder characterized by defective hemoglobin.
Term
stem cells
Definition
the blood cells that produce other blood cells. It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation
Term
thalassemia
Definition
an inherited blood disorder in which the chains of the hemoglobin molecule are abnormal; alpha thalassemia is where a mutation occurs in the alpha chain, while beta thalassemia is where the mutation occurs in the beta chain; signs and symptoms of thalassemias vary from mild (little to no symptoms) to severe (life threatening).
Term
transferrin saturation test (TS
Definition
a type of iron study (blood test) that measures the percentage of transferrin and other mobile, iron-binding proteins saturated with iron.
Term
What are the 17 general principles regarding laboratory medicine?
Definition
-under best circumstance, no lab is perfect
-choice of test should be made on probability of dx being sought
-all unchecked or suspicious results should be rechecked
-consider differentials when interpreting results as certain values may flucuate due to eating, exercise etc..
-5% of independent tests will be out side 'normal' range in absence of disease
-reference values are statistical data for 95% of the population
-lab values in a good lab tend to remain constant when performed with comparable technology
-multiple test abnormalities are more likely to be significant than single test abnormalities
-the degree of abnormality is useful
-not all pts with same disease will have same values
-excessive repetition of tests is wasteful
-only order tests if alter pt's dx, prognosis, tx or management
-clerical errors more likely than technical errors
-ref. ranges vary from one lab to another
-effect of drugs on lab tests must not be overlooked
-artifacts may cause spurious values and factitious disorders
-negative lab vallues do not necessarily rule out a clinical dx
Term
What are bloodborne pathogens?
Definition
pathogenic microorganisma present in human blood and can cause human disease (Hep B, HIV...)
Term
What is the risk of infection with Hep B from a needlestick with HBV on it? HIV?
Definition
6%-30%
0.3%
Term
What are the anticoagulants in a tube with a red top? purple top? l.blue top?
Definition
-none
-EDTA (helps clear out blood vessels to yield plasma)
-sodium citrate/ CTAO
Term
What is the primary purpose of CLIA?
Definition
Ensure quality laboratory testing
Term
How does CLIA ensure quality lab testing?
Definition
-establishes standards of accuracy, reliability and timeliness of pt. test results.
-categorizes tests levels of complexity
-labs must be certified every 2 years by CLIA and these standards
-lab personnel must be qualifies and competent
Term
What are CLIA certification requirements?
Definition
every 2 years
-submit proficient testing
-lab personnel qualified and competent
Term
What are nonwaived tests?
Definition
of moderate to high complexity
-includes subcategory of PPM (provider preformed microscopy) procedures
Term
List the parts of the microscope?
Definition
objective lens
eyepiece
arm
fine focus knob
course focus knob
base
light
diaphragm
stage
objective lens
Term
How do you use the microscope?
Definition
-always start with the scanning objective
-do not remove slides with high power objective on
-don't use stage clips, move slide around to find something
-use coarse knob to refocus at new powers
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