Term
| How is acute laryngitis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
based on clinical features
-many viral causative agents which can also be tested by a fast strep test |
|
|
Term
| When laryngitis is caused by TB, how can it be tested? |
|
Definition
#1: laryngeal bx
-also culture, blood culture, CXR |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
-doesn't stain easily
-very very slow growing
-histo likes to hang out in old TB lesions. |
|
|
Term
| When would you want to put somebody with laryngitis on abx? |
|
Definition
| when they have a comorbidity. |
|
|
Term
| What diseases can present in the pharynx/ mouth? |
|
Definition
Herpes gingivostomatitis
-Rapid antigen detection of moist lesion
-Lesions may be cultured
-HSV is primary
Herpes Labialis
-Rapid antigen detection of moist lesion
-Lesions may be cultured
-HSV is primary
Oral thrush
-KOH or gram stain of oral lesion
-Candida albicans
Strep Pharyngitis
-Rapid antigen test for S. pyogenes specific but varies in -sensitivity; culture if negative
-Viruses most common cause
-Rx: abx: penicillin
Corynebacterium diphtheria
-Culture
-Antitoxin + erythromycin
-We get the vaccine for this when we ae younger… it is the toxoid to what we make the immune rxn to this.
Epiglottitis
-Usually seen in children
-Sore throat drooling |
|
|
Term
| What microbe likes IV lines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent in otitis externa? How would you test for it and how would you tx it? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas, Staph aureus, strep pyogenes
Gram stain; C&S
1st Cortisporin; 2nd Ciprofloxacin otic |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent in otitis media? How would you tx it? |
|
Definition
-Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. Catarrhalis, are the most common causes; others include Strep pyogenes, Staph aureus
-Amoxil 80-90 mg/kg/day |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent in orbital cellulitis? How would you treat it? |
|
Definition
-Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, H. influenzae
Strep pneumoniae
-Nafcillin + Rocephin + Flagyl |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat acute sinusitis? |
|
Definition
Try decongestants x 10 day unless otherwise indicated
Augmentin
3rd generation cephalosporin |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents in the common cold? What is the tx? |
|
Definition
Rhinovirus, coronavirus and adenovirus + others
Tx the symptoms not the infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Hospital Acquired:
Endotracheal intubation
>70 yrs
Depressed mental status
Primary cause is klebsiella and others. |
|
|
Term
| What are tests to do to find the primary cause of nosocomial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Leukocytosis w/left shift
Sputum gram stain: predominance one organism;
-increased PMN’s
CXR: expanding infiltrate
Decreasing PaO2 |
|
|
Term
What are the causative agents of pneumonia in the following people: adults?
young child?
young adult?
hospital? |
|
Definition
-staph and strep
-viral: influenza A&B
-mycoplasma
-klebsiella |
|
|
Term
| What does bordatella pertussis look like? How do you test for it and how do you treat it? |
|
Definition
Gram negative rod or coccobacillus
Culture or PCR from nasopharyngeal specimen
CXR may show pneumonia
Azithromycin; clarithromycin; septra |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for and tx klebsiella? |
|
Definition
Sputum C&S; gram stain
Doripenem; Imipenem |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for and trest H. flu? What is it the most common cause of in infants? |
|
Definition
Sputum C&S; gram stain
Ampicillin IV; Amoxil p.o.
In infants is the most common cause of meningitis |
|
|
Term
| How many serotypes are there for influenza? Which is the nastiest? |
|
Definition
6: A,B,C,D,E,F
-B is the nastiest and there is a vaccination for this. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Klebsiella pneumoniae present? What can it cause? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
K. pneumoniae is present in the respiratory tract and feces of about 5% of normal individuals.
-Can produce extensive hemorrhagic necrotizing consolidation of lung
-Occasionally causes UTI and bacteremia
-Involved in hospital acquired infections
-Urine catherters
Rx
-Ampicillin + gentamycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the tests for legionella pneumophilia and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
C&S Sputum; Urinary antigen test is rapid and sensitive
Azithromycin IV |
|
|
Term
| What are all mycobacteria? |
|
Definition
| acid-fast stain or cultures |
|
|
Term
| What is mycobacterium avium-intracellulare present in and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does atypical pneumonia present and what are the causes? |
|
Definition
Subacute in onset
Cough is nonproductive
“Walking pneumonia”
Coud be walking around with this for several weeks.
Primary causes:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Young adults)
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Respiratory viruses: Influeza, adenovirus, parinfluenza, RSV |
|
|
Term
| What is kingella kingae and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Fastidious GN coccobacillus
Colonizes Respiratory – Oropharynx in children
Osteomyelitis (mobile baby child)
Septic arthritis (mobile baby child)
Bacteremia (infants)
Endocarditis (Older child) |
|
|
Term
| When a baby who is walking is infected by Kingella what are they going to do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Among who does adenovirus serotypes 3,4,7 acutely cause respiratory disease? What tests would you want to do if suspecting it? |
|
Definition
military recruits
-Adenoviral culture from respiratory specimen
-Rapid viral antigen detection |
|
|
Term
| What are adenovirus serotypes 40 & 41 associated with? |
|
Definition
| infantile gastroenteritis. |
|
|
Term
| What does the CXR of RSV look like? What tests would you do? What is the TX? |
|
Definition
May show interstitial infiltrates
Viral culture or rapid viral detection
Treatment supportive |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference bw the branching of the microorganism in adenovirus and aspergillis? |
|
Definition
-adenovirus: 90 degrees
-aspergillus: 45 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Where is histoplasmosis picked up? |
|
Definition
Midwest and SE U.S
Moist soil; OH and Mississippi river valley
Caves and old buildings |
|
|
Term
| What does histoplasmosis cause? What is positive for it half the time? What is 2 tests are most sensitive? How do you treat it? |
|
Definition
90% brief self - limiting flu like illness
Bone marrow positive in 50% of cases
Polysaccharide urine and serum antigen test is most sensitive
Urine antigen test positive in 90% of disseminated histoplasmosis
TX:usually self-limiting, but can use Iatroconazole |
|
|
Term
| Where/how can a person pick up coccidiomycosis? |
|
Definition
-Dry alkaline soil, hot summers w/few winter freezes
-Central CA, S. Arizona, NM and TX, Mexico, Central and S.A.
-Dust storms, evacuation, earthquakes
-Inhaled releasing endospores transported to hilar lymphnodes and blood |
|
|
Term
| How does coccidiomycosis manifest on the skin and in the lungs? |
|
Definition
-Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, nonpruritic papular rash
-Chronic lung disease can lead to fibrosis, nodules, cavities |
|
|
Term
| How can you test for coccidiomycosis and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
Serology tests measure IgG and IgM
Rx: Fluconazole; in severe disease Amphotericin B |
|
|
Term
| What is serratia (S. marcescens)? Who is it especially in? What is the tx? |
|
Definition
-opportunistic pathogen
-Pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis especially in narcotic addicts and hospitalized patients
-TX: 3rd generation cephalosporin (often resistant to aminoglycosides and penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What are the six ways in which you can test for TB? Note the gold standard. |
|
Definition
PPD
-In the presence of compatible CXR and clinical findings, a positive PPD in an untested patient suggests TB
Microscopy
-Acid fast bacilli
Mycobacterial culture
***Gold standard--- but will be waiting and waiting.
-Sputum – solid and liquid media most sensitive
Nucleic acid amplification
-Rapid detection of TB but does not replace culture
CXR
-May detect adenopathy, effusion, cavitation, nodules
Anatomic pathology
-Caseating granulomas may be observed in biopsies of enlarged lymph nodes.
-Caseating (necrosis) granuloma (an inflamm response) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference bw TB and miliary TB on a CXR? |
|
Definition
-TB has coin lesions
-miliary TB will look like pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| In what 5 ways can you test for Legionnaire Dz? |
|
Definition
Bacteriologic culture
***Gold standard
Urinary antigen
--Detects only serogroup 1
Direct fluorescent antibody test
--Performed on colonies isolated from bacteriologic plates
Serologic
--Rising titers of antibody to legionella may be useful in documentation of disease in culture negative cases
PCR analysis |
|
|
Term
| How would you test for nocardiosis? |
|
Definition
Microbiology
-Gram stain, modified acid fast stain or aerobic culture
Sputum or bronchial specimen
Anatomic pathology
-Biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 systemic mycotic infections? |
|
Definition
blastomyces
coccidioides
histoplasma
candida
cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for blastomyces? |
|
Definition
Lab: KOH, Culture, DNA hybridization
Histology: Broad based budding yeast in tissues |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for coccidioides? |
|
Definition
Lab: Endospores or spherules may be visible in wet mounts
Culture; DNA hybridization; Serological testing
Histology: Spherules with endospores may be seen in tissue |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
Lab: Budding yeast or intracellular forms within macrophages
Culture; DNA hybridization; serologic testing |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for candida? |
|
Definition
Lab: KOH; Cultures
Histology: pseudohyphae or hyphae in infected tissue |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for cryptococcus neoformans? |
|
Definition
Antigen detection by latex agglutiniation of CSF
India Ink smear may detect yeast
Confirmatory culture using CSF |
|
|
Term
| When testing CSF what is in Tubes 1,2,3,4? |
|
Definition
Tube 1: Protein, Glucose
Tube 2: Gram Stain & Culture
Tube 3: Save for further testing
Tube 4: Cell count, Color, Clarity and opening pressure (100-200 mm Hg) |
|
|
Term
| What are some viral infections of the GI tract? bacterial? |
|
Definition
viral: rotovirus, adenovirus, cytalomegavirus, norwalk virus
bacterial: campylobacter jejuni, e. coli, myobacterium avium-intracellular, h. pylori, salmonella enteritidis, shigella, vibrio cholerae, yersinia enterocolitica |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for rotavirus? |
|
Definition
| Lab: Direct antigen detection in stool specimen by EIA |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for adenovirus? |
|
Definition
Not culturable
EIA must be used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be cultured from colonic biopsies |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for norwalk virus? |
|
Definition
| RT-PCR is method of choice |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for Campylobacter jejuni? |
|
Definition
| Fecal WBC’s, Gram Stain, Culture |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for e.coli? |
|
Definition
| Culture stool; O & H serotyping |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for myobacterium avium-intracellular? |
|
Definition
-blood cultures
-Lymph node, bone marrow, liver biopsies may reveal AFB |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard when testing for H. Pylori? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you test for salmonella enteritidis? What does this bacteria cause? |
|
Definition
Stool culture; Fecal WBC
Can cause bloody or non-bloody diarrhea
There is a carrier state
Does not ferment lactose |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for Shigella? What does this bacteria cause? |
|
Definition
Stool Culture; fecal WBC
Always produces bloody diarrhea
2-5 days, self limiting
Not a large carrier pop
Very toxic, inoculum does not have to be very great |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for vibrio cholerae? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
Stool Culture; serotype
Profuse watery diarrhea
Has a relative vibrio parahemolyticus (contaminated aquatic food items) |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for yerisinia enterolitica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common manifestation of salmonella infection? What else is prominent causes of this? |
|
Definition
-enterocolitis
-In the USA, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are prominent.
and canbe caused by any of the 1400+ group I serotypes of salmonellae |
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
Ampicillin
TMX-SMZ
3rd generation celphalosporin |
|
|
Term
| When is salmonella pathogenic? |
|
Definition
when acquired from the oral route
-transmitted from animal products to humans
-produce hydrogen sulfide
-powerful: only need a small inoculum to be pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 salmonella strains? Which one is nasty among sickle cell patients? Which one produces hydrogen sulfide? |
|
Definition
Salmonella Paratyphi A
Salmonella Paratyphi B
Salmonella Choleraesuis C1
-Particularly nasty among sickle cell patients
Salmonella Typhi D
-Produce hydrogen sulfide.
--In a test tube, get a dark line in your media, this is your hydrogen sulfide. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the natural habitat of the shigellae? What do they produce here? |
|
Definition
limited to the intestine of humans and other primates where they procude bacillary dysentary
-Infections are almost always limited to the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What do shigellae look like? What kind of anaerobes are they? What do they ferment? |
|
Definition
Slender gram negative rods
Facultative anaerobes
Ferment glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation stage of shigella? What are the S/S? |
|
Definition
-Sudden abdominal pain, fever, watery diarrhea due to exotoxin
-Each BM is accompanied by straining and rectal spasms |
|
|
Term
| When do more than half resolve? While few remain what? If does not resolve, which treatments can you use? |
|
Definition
-More than half resolve in 2-5 days but most shed dysentery bacilli for a short period
-Few remain chronic carriers
Rx:
Cipro
Ampicillin, TMX-SMZ
Avoid opiods
Supportive |
|
|
Term
| When someone has food poisoning, what is their vomit like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of food poisoning? |
|
Definition
Vibrio
Bacillus cerus
-Chinese buffet.. Fried rice.. 24 hours later N/V/D
-Self-limiting
Staphylococcus aureus
-Potato salad… anything with mayonaise
Clostridium Botulinum
-Infant: honey with botulinum spores
-Adult: dented can, or can your own food. |
|
|
Term
| What does B. cereus cause? how long does it last? |
|
Definition
emetic (so vomiting)
diarrheal
-self limiting 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for B. cereus? |
|
Definition
Penicillin resistant
Vancomycin, Clinda, FQ
Supportive |
|
|
Term
| What do staphylococci look like? Some members are part of the normal flora of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
-Gram positive cocci; grape like clusters
-skin and mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
| *What do pathogenic species of staphylococci do? |
|
Definition
| hemolyzes blood and coagulates plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of food poisoning caused by? |
|
Definition
| heat stable staphylococcal enterotoxin |
|
|
Term
| How many species of staphylococci are there and what can they develop rapidly? |
|
Definition
30
-resistance developed rapidly |
|
|
Term
| What do staph and strep have in common? different? |
|
Definition
-both can hemolyze blood
-only staph is catalase positive |
|
|
Term
| When treating staph, why do you have to pick a penicillin it is not resistant to? |
|
Definition
| because it produces beta lactamase (90% of them) |
|
|
Term
| What is staph aureus (20%) and s. epidermis (75%) resistant to? |
|
Definition
nafcillin
methicillin
oxacillin |
|
|
Term
| What 4 other things can staph aureus produce? |
|
Definition
Alpha toxin is a potent hemolysin
E leukocidin
-Kills WBCs, so can evade immune systems.
Produces TSST-1
Produces enterotoxins (A-E, G-I, K-M) |
|
|
Term
| Where does staph present in 20-50% of cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is staph regularly found? and when? |
|
Definition
-clothing and bed linens
-when person is susceptible |
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for s. aureus infection? What are only a small % susceptible to? |
|
Definition
Acne – Tetracycline
MRSA – Vancomycin, gentamycin, rifampin
Small % susceptible to penicillin G |
|
|
Term
| What does listeria monocytogenes look like? |
|
Definition
| short gram positive non-spore forming rod |
|
|
Term
| How does listeria monocytogenes affect the body? |
|
Definition
Important cause of a wide spectrum of disease in animals and humans
Enters GI tract through contaminated food such as cheese or vegetables
Bacteria is phagocytized, releases listeriolysin O which destroys WBC releasing listeriae to attack other cells
-associated with packed meats |
|
|
Term
| What are some pathologies caused by listeria monocytogenes and how do you treat them? |
|
Definition
Granulomatosis infantispectica
Listeria meningocephalitis
--Among our young.
Bacteremia
Rx:
Ampicillin + EES
Ampicillin + gentamycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of e. coli? |
|
Definition
enteropathogenic
enterohemorrhagic (enterotoxic)
enteroinvasive
enteroaggregative |
|
|
Term
| What does enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) cause? |
|
Definition
Important cause of diarrhea in infants
Identified by O and H antigen |
|
|
Term
| What does enterohemorrhagic e. coli cause (EHEC)? |
|
Definition
Travelers diarrhea (watery)
Traveler’s diarrhea is not bloody. |
|
|
Term
| What does enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) cause? (3) |
|
Definition
Produces verotoxin/associated w/hemorrhagic colitis, acute renal failure
0157.H7- particular strain that is nasty and invasive… ---Jack in the Box (numbers refer to ags on the organism)
-No WBCs in feces.
HUS- hemolytic uremic syndrome… particularly nasty sequale |
|
|
Term
| What does enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) cause? |
|
Definition
| acute and chronic diarrhea> 14 days. |
|
|
Term
| What are enteric gram negative rods like (enterobacteriaceae)? |
|
Definition
Short gram negative rods
Reside – intestinal tract
Includes: escherichia, shigella, solmonella, enterobacter, klebsiella, serratia, proteus
Facultative anaerobes or aerobes
Some are lactose fermenting others are not |
|
|
Term
| What are the antigenic structures of enteric gram negative rods? |
|
Definition
O : most external part of cell wall LPS
K : external to O antigens on some not all
Associated with our cell wall just outside of our O
H: located on flagella |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 protozoal infections? |
|
Definition
Flagellates (giardia lambia)
Ameba (entamoeba histolytica)
Coccidia
Ciliates |
|
|
Term
| How is giardia transmitted? What S/S does it cause? What labs should be ordered and what is the tx? |
|
Definition
-water and person to person transmission
-diarrhea, abd. cramps, bloating, flatuence
Labs: ova and parasites
Tx: Flagyl |
|
|
Term
| In what 3 ways does entamoeba histolytica manifest? |
|
Definition
Asymptomatic colonization – diarrhea
Amebic colitis/dysentery
-#1 cause of dysentery
Extraintestinal abscess usually in the liver
-Once drained is anchove paste like. |
|
|
Term
| What labs would you order for entamoeba histolytica and what is the tx? |
|
Definition
-ova and parasites; serological tests if available
-not self limiting, can cause death!
--Flagyl
---Iodoquinol (Yodoxin) if Flagyl fails |
|
|
Term
| Microscopically the ameba has 2 dots, one is the nucleus. What is the other? |
|
Definition
| RBCs (ingests RBCs and causes bloody diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
| What is Crowder's story for entamoeba histolytica? |
|
Definition
| refugee camp due to poor sanitation…. Have accidentally consumed contaminated water. |
|
|
Term
| Ameba's relative is Neigleria floweri.. what's Crowder's story on this? |
|
Definition
FL, AL, GA: summer, kids have been down to the local swimming hole.. Child in the evening will have the worst HA ever… 24 hrs later the child is dead
-this is meningoencephalitis |
|
|
Term
| In what 3 ways can coccidia present? |
|
Definition
Cryptosporidium spp.: drinking water; recreation pool
-Relatively common cause of infection in US
-Mid-80s in Milwaukee… waste was spilling into drinking water
Cyclospora spp.: imported foods - raspberries
Isospora belli – diagnosised in immunosuppressed patients
-Self-limiting diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What labs would you order for coccidia? Treatments? |
|
Definition
Acid fast stain or direct fecal antigen (DFA)
Rx:
Nitazoxanide has been FDA-approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Balantidium coli
People who have traveled to tropical places that have poor sanitary conditions
Immigrants from tropical countries that have poor sanitary conditions
People who live in institutions that have poor sanitary conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is the labs and tx for ciliates (balantidium coli)? |
|
Definition
Labs:
Request Ova and Parasites
Look for cilia.
Wet mount
Rx: Tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| How does microsporidia present? |
|
Definition
More closely related to fungi
Enterocytozoon bienusi
-Self limited diarrhea; chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients |
|
|
Term
| What are the labs and tx of microsporidia? |
|
Definition
Chromotrope-based staining of stool
Rx: Albendazole |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 helminth infections of the GI that are treated by Prazinquantel or niclosamide? |
|
Definition
Diphyllobothrium latum
-Fish tapeworm
--sushi
Taenia saginata
-Beef tapeworm
--No hooks
--Beef tapeworm proglottid is bigger
Taenia solium
-Pork tapeworm
-Has hooks and a smaller proglottid
--Has a nasty larval form-->can cause cysts in the brain… shouldn’t be there bc are used to being in a pig. They die in the brain and release toxins there.
---these cysts can calcify |
|
|
Term
| What is the enterobius vermicularis hemlminth infection of the GI? how is it treated? |
|
Definition
Pinworm
Cellulose tape test
Spread by fecal-oral route.
Rx
Mebendazole; albendazole |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ascaris lumbicoides helminth infection of the GI? |
|
Definition
Uncommon in US
-Other countries use human feces as soil to grow veggies.
Heavy infections can cause intestinal blockage and impair growth in children |
|
|
Term
| What is the strongyloides stercoralis helminth infectoin of the GI? |
|
Definition
Tropical and subtropical areas, but cases also occur in temperate areas (including the South of the United States).
More frequently found in rural areas, institutional settings, and lower socioeconomic groups.
Necater-->hookworm |
|
|
Term
| What is Crowder's story with the hookworm (strongyloides stercoralis)? |
|
Definition
| Kids are outside in the summer not wearing their flip-flops or tennis shoes and makes its way up to lungs. |
|
|
Term
| How can both ascaris lumbicoides and strongyloides sterocoralis be treated? |
|
Definition
| benzadole (treatment for most helminths actually) |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Trichuris trichiura" helminth GI infection? |
|
Definition
"whip worm"
-heavy symptoms can experience frequent, painful passage of stool that contains a mixture of mucus, water, and blood.
-Rectal prolapse can also occur.
-Children with heavy infections can become severely anemic and growth-retarded |
|
|
Term
| Which GI helminth infection causes disease of the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does shistosoma japonicum and shistosoma mansoni cause? What is the difference? |
|
Definition
N/V, hemoptysis, melena, hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension
-mansoni is found in the Caribbean, S. America, Africa, Middle East |
|
|
Term
| What is Crowder's story on S. mansoni? |
|
Definition
Going barefoot through an Asian rice farm
Potential sequelae is bladder CA
Like to hang around in veins around GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in how the 3 shistosomas look? |
|
Definition
haematobium- lateral spike (spike is really little
Japonicum- has a little spike at the end
Mansoni- lateral spike on an egg (spike is big and nasty) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways in which you can evaluate a UTI? |
|
Definition
UA
-Positive leukoesterase
-+/- nitrite
C&S
-80% E.coli
Ureteroscopy
-Children
-Recurrent UTI |
|
|
Term
| Where are three common sites of infection in the male genital tract? |
|
Definition
seminal vesicles
epididymo-orchitis
prostate |
|
|
Term
| What is usually the causative agent in the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are epididymo-orchitis infections most often caused by? What causative agents are involved that can possibly cause sterility and loss of testes? |
|
Definition
-most often caused by STI
-Chlamydia, GNR, N. gonorrhoeae, M. tuberuculosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the tx for infections in the epididymo-orchitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the typical causative agents of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| GNR, Enterococci, Staph, and N. gonorrhoaea |
|
|
Term
| How do you tx a prostate infection if the person is <35 yoa? >35yoa? |
|
Definition
-rocephin + doxycycline
-cirpofloxacin or Septra |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 infections that can occur in the female genital tract? |
|
Definition
vulvovaginitis
vaginosis
cervicitis, PID |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents in vulvovaginitis? |
|
Definition
| Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis (looks like giardia but with one nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| What labs would you do for vulvovaginitis? what treatments? |
|
Definition
-wet prep and KOH
-fluconazole then flagyl |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents in vaginosis? |
|
Definition
| Polymicrobial (multiple anaerobes and Garderella vaginalis) |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic agents in vaginosis?(3) How would you treat it? |
|
Definition
-Clue cells; odor; pH >4.5
-Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents in cervicitis, PID? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis, N. gonorrheae |
|
|
Term
| what tests do you run when you suspect cervicitis? What are the treatments? |
|
Definition
culture and a DNA probe
tx:Metronidazole + Doxycycline + Rocephin |
|
|
