Where in consciousness does id reside?

- Preconscious

- Conscious

- Unconscious

- It varies throughout life

- None of the above

Unconscious

According to Freudian theory, the primitive urges of the id are located in our unconscious, hidden from our overt understanding.

Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental crises in our lives?

- Karen Horney

- Erik Erikson

- Sigmund Freud

- Alfred Adler

- Donald Winnicott

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson suggested that development proceeds in a healthy fashion as we confront and resolve developmental crises, with the most serious termed "identity crises."

Applications of learning theory to help children overcome behavior disorders or cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as ...

- psychology of adjustment

- behavior modification

- classical conditioning

- sensitization learning

- information processing model

behavior modification

Behavior modification involves an individualied, structured application of learning theory, which may incorporate approaches such as sensitization learning, operant or classical conditioning.

Who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?

- Freud

- Chomsky

- Watson

- Piaget

- Skinner

Skinner

The late B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism. This would prove central to operant conditioning, in which learning takes place due to some form of behavioral reinforcement.

Social cognitive theorists such as Albert Bandura suggest ...

- children cannot learn with the use of reinforcement and punishment

- children cannot learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned

- children learn much of what they know through observation

- children are a "blank slate."

- None of these

children learn much of what they learn through observation

Social cognitive theorists such as Albert Bandura would argue that children learn much of what they know through observation of others (i.e., "modeling" or "observational learning")

Reciprocal determinisn is...

- the mechanical process of conditioning by which children learn new things

- a child's attempt to use assimilation and accomodation to learn

- the interplay of heredity and genetics to achieve knowledge

- the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive characteristics and the environment

- None of these

the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive characteristics and the environment

According to Bandura, knowledge is shaped by the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive ability, and environmental effects. This phenomenon is known as reciprocal determinism.

Piaget saw children as ...

- scientists

- ignorant

- as reactive to the environment

- largely irrational

- miniature adults

as reactive to the environment

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget saw children as reacting to environmental stimuli in order to create novel mental representations and schemas.

Which of the following would a cognitive theorist be the MOST likely to study ....

- How children confront and resulve developmental crises in their lives

- How id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality

- How patterns of reinforcement and punishment prompt learning

- How children perceive and mentally represent the world.

- How children strive to act in an "innately good" manner.

How children perceive and mentally represent the world.

Cognitive theorists, interested in information processing, storage, and retrieval would study how children perceive (process) and mentally represent (store) the world through series of schemas, imagery, and cognitive maps.

According to information processing views ...

- typing on the keyboard is like our short-term memory

- placing information in a compyter's RAM (working) memory is like short-term memory

- storing something to a hard drive is like long-term memory

- typing a password is like generating a memory retrieval code

- All of these

All of these

Information processing theory would incorporate all of these comparisons of human cognition and memory to the funcitoning of a computer.

Sr. Manquero hasthe hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants' chicolate and the other half gum and then gives them an exam. In the experiment, what is the dependent variable?

- The group that chews gum

- The performance on the exam

- The group that eats chocolate

- Whether they eat chocolate or chew gum

- The time of the examination

The performance on the exam

The students' performance on the exam, in this experiment, would be the dependent variable, reliant on the selection of gum or chocolate.

In using an experimental group and a control group, it should first be considered that ...

- more cooperative members should be put into the experimental group

- the control group should be larger

- the groups should be matched on all variables that may affect their performance

- the experimental group should be larger

- the assignment of members to each group should not matter

the groups should be matched on all variables that may affect their performance

While it is true that assignment to a group should not matter, first and foremost, the designers need to control for any interfering variables that would affect outcomes (i.e. prior exposure to materials, disturbing environmental conditions such as weather, light, etc.)

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation?

- -0.70

- +0.10

- +0.55

- -0.42

- +0.69

-0.70

The closer to + or -1.00, the stronger the correlation.

Experiments use random assignment in order to ...

- gather participants from a variety of sources

- eliminate the need for a control group

- increase the value of double-blind experiments

- minimize pre-existing differences between the groups

- confuse test scorers

minimize pre-existing differences between the groups

Random assignment is used to help control for pre-existing differences that ruin the validity of the experiment.

The behavior change of subjects in an experiment is ...

- the dependent variable

- always different from that of the control group

- the independent variable

- the control variable

- a wild card

the dependant variable

The dependent variable in an experiment will react (behavioral change) to an independent variable.

Which of the following groups appears to be most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol?

- European-American women

- African-American women

- Asian women

- Native-American women

- Hispanic-American women

Native-American women

Research shows that Native-American women appear to be most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol, creating an abundance of infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome or the fetal alcohol effect.

The developmental problems of children exposed in utero to cocaine can be compounded by...

- parental neglect and rejection

- exposure to lead after birth

- it depends on the gender of the child

- it depends on the age of the mother

- nothing. The problem cannot be made worse

parental neglect and rejection

Research has shown that children exposed to cocaine in utero will likely encounter difficult parenting conditions, due to drug abuse, poverty, and environmental stressors that affect overall quality of life for both child and parent.

Thalidomide was a popular drug in the 1960s given to ...

- delay childbirth with premature labor

- treat insomnia and nausea

- enhance the delivery of nutrients to the fetus

- promote protein retention by the mother during pregnancy

- enhance hormone growth

treat insomnia and nausea

Thalidomide, later proved to be a teratogen that led to limb deformities, was prescribed in the 1960s to treat insomnia and nausea.

What might we assume about a pregnant woman who has gained weight rapidly but has not increased her food intake?

- That she should diet in order to slow down the rate of weight gain

- That she probably suffers from Rh incompatibility

- That her diet is too high in minerals like zinc

- That she may be developing toxemia

- That her metabolism is somewhat unusual in nature

That she may be developing toxemia

Toxemia in pregnant women is characterized by edema (swelling) and high blood pressure, among other things; one cause for alarm is rapid weight gain without corresponding food intake.

How is obesity determined scientifically?

- A person who is 5 to 10% overweight

- By measuring blood pressure

- It differs from culture to culture

- It differs based on gender

- By comparing weight and height

By comparing weight and height

Obesity is clinically determined by measured weight as it corresponds to a person's given height.

Why might the fetus move less often during the ninth month of gestation than before?

- Growth has slowed, so movements will too

- The child's body is conserving energy for the difficult birth process

- The child is spending more time sleeping

- The child is larger and there is simply less room for movement

- The fetus stops moving just before its journey down the birth canal

The child is larger and there is simply less room for movement

It can be alarming for a mother-to-be t feel cessation of fetal movement, but if this occurs during the ninth month of gestation, it may be that the fetus has become so large that it has simply run out of room in the mother's belly.

Prior to implantation, how are the developing cells that will become the infant nourished?

- Nourishment is not necessary at this stage of development

- From the umbilical cord and through the placenta

- From the yolk of the original egg cell

- By amniotic fluid

- None of the above

From the yolk of the original egg cell

Prior to implantation within the uterine wall, the blastocyst (mass of developing cells) is nourished by the original cell's egg yolk until further, more extensive nourishment can be provided post-implantation.

With amniocentesis ...

- a biopsy is taken from the pregnant mother's spine

- fluid is tested from the "sac" containing the fetus

- the father's sperm is tested for genetic abnormalities

- the mother's eggs are tested for genetic abnormalities

- the first sonogram of the baby is taken

fluid is tested from the "sac" containing the fetus

Amniocentesis, a delicate procedure conducted early in the mother's second trimester of pregnancy, involves taking fluid, via a needle that pierces the amniotic sad, in order to detect potential fetal abnormalities.

Which stage of motor development comes first?

- crawling

- rolling

- sitting

- walking

- jumping

rolling

Usually around 4 months!

Research suggests that newborn color vision is poor. Why might this be?

- Because the rods in the retina are not highly developed

- Because they have trouble differentiating hues

- Because the lense has not completely formed

- Because the cones in the retina are not highly developed

- Because newborns can barely see in black and white

Because the cones in the retina are not highly developed

For newborns, cone cells, which perceive color, are less developed than rod cells, which distinguish more between light and dark.

With asymmetrical tonic nect reflex (ATNR) ...

- the neonate fans or spreadsthe toes in response to stroking of the foot from head to toes

- the baby will show stepping motions if supported under the arms and the feet are pressed against the ground

- the baby, lying on its back, turns its head to one side, extending the arm and leg on the face side of the body and flexing those on the opposite side

- the neonate curls thetoes downward in response to stroking of the foot from head to toes

- the baby will "hike up" its shoulders

the baby, lying on its back, turns its head to one side, extending the arm and leg on the face side of the body and flexing those on the opposite side

One of the primitive infantile reflexes tht eventually integrates itself into the repertoire of more mature, voluntary movements, the ATNR involves the baby turning its head to one side while extending the arm and leg on the face side and flexing the arm and leg on the skull side. This is sometimes referred to as the "fencing position."

With the rooting reflex ...

- the baby turns the head toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek

- the baby sucks at almost any object that touches the mouth

- the baby voluntarily seeks out objects to suckle

- the baby grasps an adult's hand

- the baby jerks its knee in response to a light tap

the baby turns the head toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek

The rooting reflex occurs when a baby turns its head and mouth toward a stimulus, such as an index finger, that strokes its cheek.

The development of walking in the infant is dependent upon ...

- biological maturation

- experience

- nature

- nurture

- reinforcement

biological maturation

Development of physical skills is directly related to neural and muscular development. Other factors, such as practice, genetics, and culture can influence motor skill development.

What is the advantage to a newborn of having the senses of hearing and smell?

- They may assist in the attachment process

- So that energy can be spent developing other abilities

- There are no real advantages, just coincidence

- They will speed up how quickly the infant can leave the hospital

- The infant can learn to eat more readily

They may assist in the attachment process

If a newborn can distinguish caregivers via senses of hearing and smell, then it can become more readily attached to the primary caregivers.

Can infants assess depth?

- Yes, as per the "visual cliff" experiment.

- Yes, but only after a year.

- Yes, but only infants who have experience crawling.

- No, their visual systems are not yet attuned to this aspect of perception.

- No, it is not within their sensory perception

yes, as per the "visual cliff" experiment

Infants younger than a year are afraid to crawl onto a panel that looks like it is several feet below them (a "visual cliff"), even though this is an illusion.

Accomodation involves ....

- the elimination of an old schema

- the creation of a new schema

- a process of restricing knowledge to avoid confusion

- a linkage between cognition and language

- giving in to a situation

the creation of a new schema

According to Piaget, children can assimilate information into an already-learned schema, and they can also accomodate already-learned information into a new schema.

According to Piaget,...

- intelligence is genetic and unfolds through maturation with the passage of time

- cognition is a simple process that is innate and becomes stronger with experience and time.

- cognitive developments are based on children's interactions with the environment.

- acquisition of knowledge is purely reactive.

- cognitive developments are based on children's genetic makeup.

cognitive developments are based on children's interactions with the environment.

Piaget maintained that cognitive development occurs in tandem with children's interactions with the environment - both proactive and reactive.

Which of the following represents an information processing view of cognition?

- How people encode information

- How people store information

- How people retrieve information

- All of the above

- A and B only

All of the above

Information processing encompasses encoding, storage and retrieval.

Maturational theory focuses on ....

- the importance of the environment in determining human development

- the computer metaphor for understanding human cognitive development.

- the importance of patterns of reinforcement and punishment

- the unfolding of genetically-determined developmental sequences

- adolescence in particular

the unfolding of genetically-determined developmental sequences

Maturation involves the unfolding of genetically or biologically, determined developmental sequences - for example, walking is typically an instance of maturation.

Vygotsky suggests ....

- the child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences

- children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments

- children are like miniature adults and need to be nurtured only to obtain cognitive skills

- that factors such as eithnicity and gender do not play the important role in development that other theorists think they play

- Piaget's theories bear no weight

the child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky maintained that children's interactions with adults - social learning and educational scaffolding included - organize their learning experiences.

The "nature/nurture" debate considers.....

- why genes are more influential in development than environment

- why the environment is more important in development than evolution

- the relationship(s) between genetics, environment, and human development

- Freud's point of view as opposed to Jungian theory

- How diet and nutrition impact child development

the relationship(s) between genetics, environment, and human development

The seemingly endless "nature/nurture" debate involves the relative influences of environment and heredity on development.

Being able to "pretend" involves ....

- manipulation of symbols

- cognitive sophistication

- preoperational thought

- understanding of functionality of objects

- All of the above

All of the above

Children's "pretend" play develops when the child is capable of preoperational thought, which involves mental representation of objects and some understanding of their functionality.

Caitlyn thinks that all people love dolls because she does. This is an example of ...

- egocentrism

- concrete operations

- symbiotic thinking

- formal operations

- lack of logic

egocentrism

Caitlyn is indeed employing logic, albeit an egocentric sort of logic in which individual desires/perceptions are of utmost importance.

Conservation requires all of the following EXCEPT ...

- the ability to reverse one's thinking

- the ability to focus on two or more aspects of a situation at once

- concrete operational thinking

- less of an egocentric perspective

- the ability to focus on one problem at a time

the ability to focus on one problem at a time

According to Piaget, conservation is part of the concrete operational stage of thinking, where the ability to look at objects from mutual perspectives/approaches would enable a child to understand how, for example, volume will not necessarily change even if the shape does change.

What is a retrieval cue?

- Something that helps us place important information into memory

- An iconic code that makes memories stronger

- Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory

- A semantic code that makes memory more efficient

- A visual memory aid

Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory

While a retrieval cue may take the form of a visual aid, it is in actuality anything that helps us glean information from our vast files of memory.

Vygotsky is most closely associated with ...

- formal operations

- the Strange Situation

- bilingualism in children

- the zone of proximal development

- classical conditioning

the zone of proximal development

Vygotsky is associated with the zone of proximal development, the gap between a child's current and potential cognitive skills.

If parents correct the accuracy of their children, then ...

- they will learn language signiticantly faster

- it will speed up correct use of grammar

- it will speed up acquisition of new words

- it will have little effect and may slow down acquisition of new words

- they will face resentment

it will have little effect and may slow down acquisition of new words

Direct correction of grammar (i.e., Say "two frogs" not "two frog") can be jarring and too authoritarian for a child. Indirect correction (i.e., expanding on a sentence or simply repeating back a correct grammatical form, rather than demanding that the child repeat it) may work better.

By what age will most children begin using two-word sentences?

- 12 months

- 16 months

- 24 months

- 36 months

- 18 months

24 months

Most children start using two-word sentences consistently around age two (twenty-four months)

A general nominal refers to....

- classes of objects

- personal pronouns

- specific names

- words longer than two syllables

- a child's name

classes of objects

A general nominal (noun) refers to a class of objects (i.e., food, clothing, transportation).

Receptive vocabulary ....

- involves what words the child can actually say

- includes all of the words the child understands

- involves words the child has heard but does not yet understand

- is limited to the repetition of syllables that have been heard

- becomes stagnant after the first year of life

includes all of the words the child understands

Receptive (as opposed to expressive) vocabulary involves comprehension rather than output

When infants babble, they tend to babble ....

- sounds they have heard

- names for mommy and daddy

- total gibberish

- combinations of consonants and vowels

- before the age of six months

combinations of consonants and vowels

Around the age of six months, infants tend to babble in consonant-vowel combinations (i.e., "ba" "ga" "ma" "da")

Cries and coos are .....

- learned

- based entirely on experience

- innate but modified by experience

- random noise soon to be replaced by meaningful sounds

- reflexes that soon disappear

innate but modified experience

Children are born with most innate or involuntary reflexes (or develop them soon after birth). They are also born with certain capacities to make sounds - this capacity is then shaped by their environment (i.e., singing reinforced, screaming discouraged).

In terms of language,

- children can only understand words they can say

- its development is predetermined and independent of experience

- children can understand many more words than they can speak

- development is linked very closely to the development of visual memory

- children cannot imitate sounds from other cultures/languages

children can  understand many more words than they can speak

In most cases, receptive vocabulary (understanding) develops long before the child is ready to utter his/her first word.

Which theorist argued that intelligence has an underlying common factor called "g"?

- Binet

- Piaget

- Skinner

- Spearman

- Gardner

Spearman

It was the British psychologist Charles Spearman who argued that the "g" factor (general intelligence) underlay several behaviors that demonstrated differing sorts of abilities.

Gardner believes:

- that intelligence is entirely learned

- that intelligence is one, general ability

- that intelligences have neurological bases in the brain

- that all intelligence is innate

- that intelligence may not show up at all in some people

that intelligences have neurological bases in the brain

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences purports that several neurological bases in the brain are responsible for varying sorts of intelligence (i.e., kinesthetic, intrapersonal).

Which of the following represents "bodily-kinesthetic" intelligence?

- verbal attitude

- awareness of one's internal self

- mathematical competence

- ability to relate to others

- dancing

dancing

Dancing (and other physical activities) is a form of what Gardner terms "bodily kinesthetic" intelligence.

Intelligence tests ...

- should avoid cultural bias

- should be both valid and reliable

- should never be administered to children younger than five

should avoid cultural bias and should be both valid and reliable

Infants can be tested utilizing the Bayley method, preschoolers utilizing the Satanford-Binet method, for example

Infants who are least distressed by their mothers' departure are said to show....

- ambivalent attachment

- insecure attachment

- avoidant attachment

- secure attachment

- lack of affect

avoidant attachment

Infants who appear not to care about their mothers' departures would be demonstrating avoidant attachment.

A child is willing to explore the environment and shows positive emotions to things that she/he does not know. This child is most likely to have ...

- secure attachment

- avoidant attachment

- ambivalent attachment

- disorganized attachment

- an adventurous streak

secure attachment

Children with secure attachment would be willing to explore their environments and discover new things. Feeling safe in their infant/caregiver bond, they would feel free to strive toward a degree of independence.

A parent engages in rough-and-tumble play with an infant. This parent ...

- probably has ambivalent attachment with the child

- is likely to be a father

- probably is less sensitive to the physical needs of the child

- is less likely to be involved wiht the child in later years

- is likely to put the child in a dangerous situation

is likely to be a father

Society deems it more than acceptable for fathers to engage in rough-and-tumble play with their children, and many fathers are quite willing to fulfill this societal expectation.

Children who are socially deprived and continue to be raised in those circumstances ....

- will eventually recover and overcome those conditions

- will always wind up in jail

- will thrive once they achieve independence

- may recover but it appears significantly more likely for girls than boys

- will probably continue to have problems that may even become more severe

will probably continue to have problems that may even become more severe

While children may not always end up in jail, continuous social deprivation will highly likely lead to ongoing difficulties for those children (i.e., depression, low self-esteem)

Parenting characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection fr the child, is referred to as ...

- impossible

- authoritative

- authoritarian

- permissive

- realistic

authoritative

Authoritiative parenting (not to be confused with authoritarian) involves a mix of boundaries (control) and encouragement of self-identity and independence (support/affection)

What is probably the most important thing children learn from peer interactions?

- social skills

- negative behaviors

- they actually learn very little

- pop-culture references

- aggression

social skills

Children are naturally motivated by other children, and are apt to learn important social skills from their peers.

If Reggie is aggressive and someone "bumps" into him, what is his likely response?

- Cognitively, he is more likely to assume that the "bump" was on purpose

 - He is likely to wait and see what the other child will do next

- Probably nothing, as "bumps" are accidental

- It depends on where the children are when the "bump" occurs

- He will wait until he is alone with the other person, and then physically attack the person.

Cognitively, he is more likely to assume that the "bump" was on purpose

Reggie would assume that the "bump" was on purpose, and would use the assumtion as an excuse to engage in aggressive behavior in return.

Which is the highest level of play achieved according to Parten?

- Solitary

- Associative

- Parallel

- Mutual

- Cooperative

Cooperative

The highest social stage of play is cooperative play, in which children work toward a common goal (i.e., sitting together to plan and build a farm out of wooden blocks)

Lawrence Kohlberg indicates that postconventional morality might ...

- be typically demonstrated by preschoolers

- show no concern for others

- involve personal rules

- typically be demonstrated by adults

- have few or no universal principles

typically be demonstrated by adults

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality, the final stage of moral development, would take place in adulthood for the most part, and would involve realization that concern for others and universality of principles is of utmost concern.

Which of the following represents a microsystem?

- The child's home

- The interaction between home and school

- The school board

- The child's culture

- The child's larger community

The child's home

The microsystem involves the interactions within the child's smallest, most immediate community (i.e., the home, for the most part)

Where a parent works would be considered a (an) ...

- mesosystem

- exosystem

- microsystem

- macrosystem

- pedisystem

exosystem

An exosystem involves the places that affect the child, but with which the child has no direct experience/participation (i.e., the parents' work settings)

What is valuable about ecological theory?

- It stresses the role of the natural environment in the child's life.

- The emphasis on genetic determinants.

- It makes researchers aware of the systems with which children interact.

- It clearly delineates the overarching importance of reinforcement and punishment.

- It stresses the role of the child over the players in the child's life

It makes researchers aware of the systems with which children interact.

Ecological theory stresses the dynamic interplay between children and the various systems (i.e., exosystem, microsystem, mesosystem) in their environment.

Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family?

- No, it usually does not

- Yes, but the effects are almost always positive

- No, unless there is more than one sibling already

- Yes, in both positive and negative ways

- It may if the existing child is atypically developing

Yes, in both positive and negative ways

The sibling's birth may increase the older child's sense of love, responsibility, and duty; it may also lead to jealousy and/or increased aggression.

In the later years of middle childhood ...

- parents become increasingly influential in their children's lives

- children rate their peers as the most important source of emotional support

- children evaluate their parents more critically than before

- siblings, if present, have no influence on the child's life

- parents are temporarily unimportant to childhood development

children evaluate their parents more critically than before

Approaching adolescence, children in the later years of middle childhood are more apt to view their parents as fallible human beings.

What may explain the long-term effects of divorce?

- One parent's over-involvement with the child

- A decline in parenting after the divorce

- It depends greatly on the gender of the child

- Problems the child developed before the divorce

- The child's pre-existing temperament

A decline in parenting after the divorce

If divorce occurs and the parents live further apart, finances become more of an issue, and dating becomes an issue. Then, a decline in parenting will almost inevitably take place as a long-term (although sometimes unintentional) effect.

Children in single-parent homes with well-adjusted mothers....

- still fare far worse than children from dual-parent homes

- may fare as well as children from homes with constantly bickering parents

- may fare better than children from dual-parent homes because they get more attention

- will always rebel against their circumstances

- will fare poorly because too great an attention is placed on them

may fare as well as children from homes with constantly bickering parents

If despite the inherent social/financial challenges the environment is an emotionally supportive one, then the child may fare just as well, and maybe better, than a child from an emotionally unhealthy dual-parent household

Which of the following may be TRUE about personality differences between first-born and later-born children?

- They may be linked to contrasts in parenting styles for each child

- They may be linked to how the siblings interact with each other

- They may be linked to later-borns feeling they have to "fight" for their place in the family.

- They may lead to clashes between the children

They may lead to clashes between the children

Personality differences among siblings can affect, and in turn be affected by, the children's mutual interactions, their respective self-concepts, and even the parents' responses to their individual behaviors.

Which of the following would make forming an identity more complicated?

- issues of gender

- ethnicity

- sexual orientation

- a self-fulfilling prophecy

Issues of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation

Marginalized groups (ethnic or sexual minorities, ofr example) would have that much more much more difficulty forming self-identities.

How does Carol Gilligan explain why young women experience a decline in self-esteem as they move through adolescence?

- Because of satisfaction with their bodies

- Because they feel a need to subjugate themselves to young men

- Because they become increasingly aware of the contrast between the way they view themselves and how society views females

- Because they are taught that ladies are humble

- Because they maintain an egocentric view of the world

Because they become increasingly aware of the contrast between the way they view themselves and how society views females

Harvard professor Carol Gilligan explains that during adolescence, issues related to body awareness and the tension between societal and self-definitions can lead to lower self-esteem in writing and boys tend to have higher self-esteem in math.

In which of the following do girls tend to have higher self-esteem, and which do boys tend to have higher self-esteem?

- Social relationships, public speaking

- Writing, math

- Competition, individual activities

- Physical appearance, academics

- Large group relationships, one-to-one relationships

Writing, math

Due in large part to self-fulfilling societal expectations (i.e., girls will concentrate on words, and boys will concentrate on numbers and formulas), girls tend to have higher self-esteem in writing and boys tend to have higher self-esteem in math.

Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence?

- Trust vs Mistrust

- Autonomy vs shame and doubt

- Initiative vs guilt

- Industry vs inferiority

- Generativity vs stagnation

authonomy vs shame and doubt

Striving toward independence, children experience guilt and self-struggle in the form of autonomy vs. shame and doubt

According to Freud, children enter the latency stage at age 5 or 6 and ...

- generally stay there until puberty

- usually never progress to further stages

- then enter the phallic stage at adolescence

- stay there until the anal stage at age 8

- immediately progress to the genital stage

generally stay there until puberty

Freud believed that the latency stage, which lasts throughout middle childhood, contains little in the way of active sexual development/awareness.

The concept of shaping suggests ....

- we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals

- children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention

- children learn through observation only

- children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you attempt to ignore them

- children learn the same way as do baby animals

We can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals

- Shaping a behavior involves reinforcing small steps until the child has mastered these small steps.

With negative reinforcement ....

- you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.

- you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired

- you increase a desired behavior by taking something unpleasant away

- there is no such thing as negative reinforcement

- you automatically engage in punishment

you increase a desired behavior by taking something unpleasant away

Negative reinforcement, in the lingo of operant conditioning, involves increasing a desired behavior by the removal of an undesired stimulus

Extinction of learning occurs ...

- from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement

- when classically conditioned stimuli are removed

- with the passage of time even if reinforcement continues

- never - once something is learned it cannot be "unlearned"

- due to negative reinforcement

from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement

Extinction involves eliminating a behavior through lack of reinforcement

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. NOw, before touching his neck, his mommy says, "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

- Laughing when his neck is touched

- Saying "gotcha"

- Laughing when he hears "gotcha"

- Touching his neck

- Coming close to Kareem

Saying "gotcha"

The conditioned stimulus, which came into existence after being paired with the original, unconditioned stimulus, is the uttering of "gotcha".

Which of the following is used in socializing children?

- Operant conditioning

- Rewards

- Punishments

- Observational learning

- All of the above

All of the above

In order to undertake the immense task of socializing a child, it is necessary to utilize a variety of methods, including those listed above.

The Premack Principle ...

- involves bribery

- is an example of classical conditioning

- states that parents have a beter chance of helping their children than do teachers

- indicates that children will engage in a less-preferred activity if they know that a much-preferred activity is to follow

- states that ignoring a child's behavior will help extinguish it

indicates that children will engage in a less-preferred activity if they know that a much-preferred activity is to follow

According to the Premack principle, a child may read a chapter of a hated assigned novel if he/she knows he/she is to receive a double-recess period immediately following.

Habituation involves ....

- discriminating between two commands

- discriminating between two sights or sounds

- operant conditioning principles

- aversives

- increased interest in known stimuli

discriminating between two sights or sounds

Habituation involves becoming so accustomed to a stimulus (i.e., sight or sound) that it is easy to lose interst in that stimulus and pay rapid attention to novel stimuli.

Which of the following appears to impact dropout rates the most?

- Socioeconomic status

- Motivation level

- Substance use

- Low self-esteem

- Single-parent households

Socioeconomic status

Though there are many contributing factors here, the most important one has proven to be low SES (socioeconomic status)

Which of the following is TRUE about career development?

- Most childhood career goals become a reality

- Many factors other than desire will dictate career choice

- A majority of young people will do exactly what their parents do for a living

- Over 80% of people are dissatisfied with their careers

- Career developemnt is less involved for girls

Many factors other than desire will dicatate career choice

Many factors - socioeconomic status, self-esteem, choice of life partner - dictate career choice in the end.

Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed?

- They are not, it is based on a false assumption

- Because these children generally perform more poorly on standardized intelligence tests

- Because these children usually have social skill and emotional problems

- Because these programs help make up for genetic weaknesses that affect intelligence

- Because they provide needed childcare services

Because these children generally perform more poorly on standardized intelligence tests

For many reasons (i.e., cultural bias, parenting issues, environmental deprivation) these children tend to perform in the low ranges on standardized, norm-referenced testing; this is already a red flag indicating that these children require extra help immediately

Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story?

- Focusing the child's attention on important details

- Using a number of questions about what the child is doing

- Correcting the child's misunderstandings

- Praising the child for the current insights he/she displays

- All of the above

All of the above

Scaffolding would involve reinforcing what the child already knows, all the while leading the child toward a higher level of understanding

Effective parent training might involve ....

- modeling of behavioral strategies

- respite for parental down-time

- no reinforcement to encourage effective existing skills

- humiliation of parents for their current skills

- little interaction with a trainer

modeling of behavioral strategies

Parent training, a key component of Early Intervention and Head Start programs, would involve both modeling and positive reinforcement on the part of the trainer; respite, while important for the parent of a child with special needs, would not necessarily fall into the trainer's domain

How can autism be treated?

- Operant conditioning has been used to increase the child's interacting with others

- Antipsychotic medications have proven effective in treating most cases of autism

- No treatments have proven effective in diminishing symptoms

- Electroconvulsive shock treatments are effective in enhancing language development

- Psychoanalytic theory application

Operant conditioning has been used to increase the child's interacting with others

Currently, it is a discrete, highly structured behavioral approach that has been shown to be effective with autistic children.

Anorexia nervosa is ...

- a pattern of bingeing and purging

- compulsive overeating

- a disorder involving self-starvation

- found only in middle-aged people

- easier to conceal than bulimia

a disorder involving self-starvation

Bulimia involves no dramatic weightloss, so it is easier to conceal. Anorexia is quite a visible, pervasive illness because it involves self-starvation

Of the following, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying is ...

- bargaining - anger - denial - acceptance - depression

- anger - denial - depression - bargaining - acceptance

- bargaining - anger - denial - depression - acceptance

- denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance

- denial - bargaining - depression - anger - acceptance

denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance

Kubler-Ross's sequence of the stages of death and dying is commonly accepted as clinically accurate

Ritalin is currently used most often to help children with the following condition...

- Cancer

- Krohn's disease

- ADHD

- Cerebral Palsy

- Down Syndrome

ADHD

Ritalin is most often seen in our schools today as a drug that helps children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)