Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CLEP Practice Test #6
N/A
90
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Which thinker suggested that children are innately good?

 

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- John Locke

- Alfred Binet

- Sigmund Freud

- John Watson

Definition

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

 

Rousseau suggested that children are innately good, and that environment, rather than heredity, plays the major role in shaping any negative changes in their dispositions and personalities.

Term

According to Freud, ego...

 

- provides rational ways of coping with frustration

- is driven by the quest for pleasure

- is our moral base that seeks to force us to follow the rules

- is biological and present at birth

- prevents us from making rational decisions

Definition

provides rational ways of coping with frustration

 

The ego, in allowing us to make rational decisions, places checks on the id, which makes demands of a more impulsive nature.

Term

Freud called his theory of child development ...

 

- psychosexual

- epigenetic

- psychosexual

- emergent

- cognitive-behavioral

Definition

Psychosexual

 

Freud explained his theory of child development in terms of psychosexual stages (i.e., oral, anal, phallic)

Term

Erik Erikson called a period of serious questioning and soul-searching....

 

- a paradox

- unusual

- unhealthy

- an identity crisis

- an inward quest

Definition

an identity crisis

 

Erik Erikson's theories of development center on several central dichotomies (i.e., trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame) of social identity. According to Erikson, an identity crisis occurs when an important decision must be made about how to live one's life and which social roles one is to adopt.

Term

Johnny has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. Johnny wakes up, and finishes his urination by going to the bathroom. Over time, Johnny stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to treating bed-wetting?

 

- Psychodynamic theory

- Psychosocial theory

- Cognitive theory

- Learning theory

- Social modeling

Definition

Learning theory

 

Learning theory involves the active application of stimuli in order to foster acquisition of knowledge. In this quite simple case, the bell helps Johnny learn to wake up at night to urinate, rather than sleep through the night with wet pants.

Term

Albert Bandura is a ...

 

- behaviorist

- psychoanalyst

- humanistic theorist

- Neo-Freudian theorist

- social cognitive theorist

Definition

social cognitive theorist

 

Bandura is an important social-cognitive theorist who advocates observational learning (or "modeling") as a key form of shaping behavior and knowledge. According to Bandura, therefore, other people play a great role in enabling us to learn.

Term

Which of the following would be consistent with social cognitive theory?

 

- Children internalize the traits of other people to form their identities.

- Identification occurs as children imitate the behavior patterns of others.

- Observational learning always occurs without thought or intention.

- Traits are inherited and are not influenced by environmental events.

- Identity is an inactive process that is genetically based.

Definition

Identification occurs as children imitate the behavior patterns of others.

 

According to Bandura and proponents of social cognitive theory, identification is very much an active process wherey children often purposefully imitate behavior patterns in order to create an identity of their own.

Term

Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?

 

- Bandura

- Skinner

- Erikson

- Piaget

- Gardner

Definition

Piaget

 

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, through observations involving his own and other children, became interested in children's active perceptions and mental representations of the world.

Term

Ethology is an example of ...

 

- a biologically-oriented theory of development

- a strict information processing approach to studying development

- a stage theory for studying cognitive development

- a behavioristic method for studying cognition

- a moral view of development

 

Definition

a biologically-oriented theory of development

 

Ethology is a theory of developent that takes its cue in many ways from evolutionary theory, concentrating on traits that are inborn or dependent on "critical periods" for their eventual emergence.

Term

Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of....

 

- mesosystems

- exosystems

- macrosystems

- microsystems

- inter-related systems

Definition

macrosystems

 

Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of macrysystems, in which children's larger cultural milieu affects the trajectory of their development.

Term

Dr. Manquero has the hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants' chocolate and the other half gum, and then gives them an exam. In this experiment, what is the experimental group?


- The group that chews gum

- The performance on the exam

- The group that eats chocolate

- There is no experimental group

- Both groups could be considered the experimental groups

Definition

The group that eats chocolate

 

The experimental group interacts with the variable to be manipulated and studied (in this case, the chocolate), as opposed to the control group, which interacts with either no variable or with a different variable (i.e. the gum).

Term

An experiment seeks to determine the influence of ...

 

- the hypothesis on the subjects

- the dependent variable on the independent variable

- the experimental group on the control group

- single-blind versus double-blind techniques

- independent variable on the dependent variable

Definition

independent variable on the dependent variable

 

Experiments seek to determine the influence of an independent variable (i.e., gender) on a dependent variable (i.e. mathematical ability)

Term

In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the ...

 

- various amounts of alcohol consumed

- subjects' driving ability before alcohol consumption

- subjects' driving ability after alcohol consumption

- orange pylons

- individual subjects themselves

Definition

various amounts of alcohol consumed

 

The independent variable in this experiment is the various amounts of alcohol consumed; the level of alcohol would affect the dependent variable (driving ability).

Term

The repetition of an experiment by another experimenter at another time and place is called ...

 

- duplication

- replication

- experimental review

- repetition

- copyright infringement

Definition

replication

 

An experiment is replicated when it is conducted by a different experimenter at a different place and time.

Term

The first two weeks of prenatal development is called the ....

 

- fetal stage

- embryonic stage

- germinal stage

- zygotic stage

- conceptual stage

Definition

germinal stage

 

The first two weeks of prenatal development, in which implantation of the cells occurs within the uterine wall, is known as the germinal stage.

Term

Which of the following represents cephalocaudal development?

 

- The fact that growth spreads outward from the spine

- The fact that we tend to develop from the head down

- The fact that inner organs grow faster than organs at the extremities

- Development starts with the sensory systems

- Growth of the hands and feet

Definition

The fact that we tend to develop from the head down

 

Development tends to occur from the head (the Greek root "ceph") downward ("caudal"); hence, the relatively large appearance of the fetal head, and the early development of the brain.

Term

The amniotic sac ....

 

- helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

- provides nutrients to the developing fetus

- filters germs and drugs away from the developing fetus

- is present during only the first two trimesters of pregnancy

- None of these is accurate

Definition

helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

 

The amniotic sac, present throughout pregnancy, protects the fetus and helps it maintain an even temperature. It is the placenta that provides all-important nutrients to the fetus.

Term

Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus are called ....

 

- toxins

- critical agents

- teratogens

- encephalons

- reactive toxins

Definition

teratogens

 

Teratogens such as drugs, alcohol, or infectious disease, can harm the fetus via the maternal bloodstream.

Term

HIV CANNOT be transmitted by ...

 

- sexual relations

- blood transfusions

- breast-feeding

- shared needles

- HIV CAN be transmitted all of these ways

Definition
Unfortunately, HIV CAN be transmitted in all of these manners.
Term

Which of the following features is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

 

- Smaller-than-average brain

- Low levels of infant activity

- Poor vision

- Larger-than-average physical growth

- Narrowly-spaced eyes

Definition

Smaller-than-average brain

 

Children exposed to alcohol in utero (fetal alcohol syndrome) have smaller-than-average brains, leading to a host of learning disabilities.

Term

Polygenic traits ...

 

- are transmitted by a single pair of genes

- are uncommon in humans

- are transmitted by the mother

- are transmitted by combinations of pairs of genes

- involve chromosomal abnormalities

Definition

are transmitted by a combinations of pairs of genes

 

Polygenic traits are transmitted by combinations of pairs of genes from each parent.

Term

Scientists took genetic material from one sheep to clone Dolly, making her genetically identical to the other sheep from which she was cloned. Cloning uses the process of ...

 

- mitosis

- chromosomal replacement

- autosome reproduction

- meiosis

- genetic evolution

Definition

mitosis

 

Mitosis involves the replication of a genetic code into different cells.

Term

If you change a baby's position and its reaction is to arch its back, fling its arms and legs out, and then bring them back toward the chest, what reflex has occurred?

 

- Grasping reflex

- Moro reflex

- Palmar reflex

- Rooting reflex

- Parachute effect

Definition

Moro reflex

 

Babies possess several primitive reflexes that are then integrated into the more mature, voluntary patterns of bodily movement. One such example is the Moro reflex, in which the baby flings its arms backwards above the head in response to sudden movement.

Term

In terms of visual tracking in the neonate ...

 

- many neonates can track all objects the first day after birth

- several weeks of experience are required

- it is dependent on prenatal stimulation

- it will not beobserved for several months after birth

- certain forms of tracking may develop before others

Definition

Certain forms of tracking may develop before others

 

Visual tracking, an early benchmark of alertness and cognitive development involves following an object in many directions, including horizontal, vertical, and circular. Certain forms of tracking may well develop before others.

Term

Newborns show preference for sounds ...

 

- that are very low in pitch

- that match their native language

- that are always musical in nature

- that match the rhythms of speech

- they show no preferences

Definition

that match the rhythm of speech

 

Exposed to speech in the womb, infants have been shown to gravitate toward sounds that match the rhythms and cadences of the speech to which they have already become accustomed.

Term

In comparison to adults ...

 

- infants show very different responses to tastes

- infants prefer wour tastes significantly more

- infants show a preference for things that do not taste like water

- infants show a preference for sweet tastes

- infants cannot taste much at all

Definition

infants show a preference for sweet tastes

 

Infants have taste preferences, tending to recoil from sour tastes and to gravitate toward the soothing effects of sweet tastes.

Term

Which of the following acurately describes what a toddler will do when confronted with a steep slope while walking?

 

- They will adamantly refuse to go down it.

- They usually will stop and crawl down the slope

- They cannot tell the difference and will try to walk down it, usually falling down

- They cannot go down any slopes until about age 2

- They will immediately trip due to the shift in surface

Definition

They will stop and crawl down the slope

 

Attesting to emergent depth perception, toddlers will crawl down the "dangerous" slope.

Term

The greatest gains in visual acuity occur ...

 

- from 9 to 12 months

- from 1 to 2 months

- from birth to 6 months

- not until late childhood

- from 12 to 18 months

Definition

from birth to 6 months

 

Visual acuity develops at its sharpest rate between birth and six months of age, at which point it begins to develop more gradually.

Term

Once motor development has been deprived ...

 

- the damage can be improved with intervention

- the damage is irreversible although minimal progress can be made

- social and intellectual funcitoning will decline as well

- primitive reflexes will prevail throughout life.

- None of these is accurate

Definition

the damage can be improved with intervention

 

Research has shown that intervention CAN assist with motor development, even given a background of sensory deprivation.

Term

Improvement in memory probably indicates....

 

- reduced encoding of information

- increased inefficiency in retrieving stored information

- lower quality foods and less nutritional diet

- increased experiences with the environment

- greater self-reflection

Definition

increased experiences with the environment

 

Memory can be improved by increased exposure to stimuli, by enhanced encoding (storing) of information in long-term memory, and by increased ease and efficiency in retrieving the stored information.

Term

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

 

- Sensorimotor

- Hypothetical

- Concrete operational

- Preoperational

- Formal operational

Definition

Hypothetical

 

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Term

Piaget believed....

 

- that development is haphazard, random, and based on experience

- cognitive developments are stage-based and universal

- children learn in different sequences based on their environment

- perception is too directly linked to sensation to separate the two

- that social and cognitive development occur in separate strands

Definition

cognitive developments are stage-based and universal

 

Piaget believed that development unfolds in an orderly, stage-based sequence that is universal in nature.

Term

An abstract, generalized account of repeated events is called ...

 

- a script

- a chunk

- a hierarchy

- a semantic node

- a narrative

Definition

a script

 

According to Piaget, we possess a variety of abstract, generalized scripts that enable us to anticipate reactions to given events.

Term

Memory for events that happened in one's life is called ...

 

- hedonistic memory

- egocentric memory

- autobiographical memory

- self-centered memory

- semantic memory

Definition

autobiographical memory

 

Autobiographical memory compromises our memory of specific events in our individual pasts.

Term

With cognitive scaffolding ....

 

- children are taught complex tasks so that easier ones are more readily understood

- the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled

- permanent help is given that the child then becomes dependent upon

- the amount of help given is increased as the child ages

- children are taught according to the "lowest common denominator".

Definition

the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled

 

The concept of scaffolding involves the giving of temporary assistance to a child until the child is more capable of performing the task in question individually; the amount of assistance is gradually decreased.

Term

How questions are worded may influence whether the child can answer correctly. This is an example of ...

 

- a heuristic

- a cardinal rule

- a demand characteristic

- a placebo effect

- sociocultural bias

 

Definition

a demand characteristic

 

Demand characteristics (i.e., the specifics of a question or of a task) may influence how a child responds to/performs a task.

Term

A preoperational child would assume ...

 

- that taller glasses hold more than short glasses

- that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist

- that subtraction is easier than addition

- that substance comes before form

- that operations are reversible in nature

Definition

that taller glasses hold more than short glasses

 

According to Piaget, a child in the preoperational stage of cognitive development would assume that because form supersedes substance, a taller glass would by definition always be holding, at any given moment, more water than a shorter glass.

Term

When does "pretend play" usually appear?

 

- by about age 6 months

- by about 9 months

- sometime early in the second year

- by about age 36 months

- by 12-18 months of age

Definition

sometime early in the second year

 

Complex pretend play - moving from performing one action on an object to performing a series of related, representational events usually emerges sometime early in a child's second year.

Term

A key component of information processing views of cognitive development includes ...

 

- expansive attention

- random retrieval processes

- intuitive grasping of environmental cues

- a limit on how much information can be stored in long-term memory

- selective attention processes

Definition

selective attention processes

 

Information processing theorists stress our ability to selectively attend to the more important pieces of information we receive, in order to encode this information and transfer it to long-term memory

Term

Jimmy looks at his homework and decides he had better do math first because it always takes him longest. Jimmy is....

 

- using metacognition

- poor at math

- probably better on verbal tests

- using a recognition strategy

- is an unusally self-aware child

Definition

using metacognition

 

Jimmy is employing the strategy of metacognition, in which he is able, in effect, to "think about thinking," to weigh his cognitive processes - his strengths and weaknesses - and decide, accordingly, how best to proceed with a given task.

Term

 

Mean length of utterance refers to ...

 

- the average number of words a child uses in a sentence

- the total number of sounds a child makes trying to express himself/herself

- the average number of letters in the child's usual utterances

- the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence

- the average number of syllables a child uses in a sentence

Definition

the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence

 

Mean length of utterance refers to the average numer of morphemes - basic units of meaning - contained in a child's current typical sentence.

Term

A child learns to call a dog "bow-wow and now calls all animals he sees "bow-wow." This is an example of ...

 

- telegraphic speech

- over-extension

- egocentric speech

- morpheme

- semantic categorization

Definition

Over-extension

 

The child is over-extending the term "bow-wow" to comprose all animals he sees. Over-extension is a common, and logically-framed, method of acquiring meaning in early language.

Term
Which of the following words is most likely to be found in early infant speech?
Definition

Go

 

"Go" is one of he most common infant first words, as it refers to something concrete the infant sees (i.e., a car "going") or requests (i.e. "go away")

Term

When is the infant's first word typically spoken?

 

- between 11 and 13 months

- usually by age 10 month

- not before 24 months

- many children speak their first words by 8 months

- by 15 to 16 months

Definition

Between 11 and 13 months

 

Most infants speak their first true word between the ages of eleven and thirteen months.

Term

Vocalizations that do NOT represent objects or events are called ...

 

- random

- non-sensical

-prelinguistic

- paralinguistic

- jargon

Definition

prelinguistic

 

Prelinguistic utterances do NOT represent objects or events, whereas jargon, which in tone and inflection may sound like language but do not contain an actual word.

 

Term

Grammar refers to ...

 

- how many syllables in the word that have meaning

- which words make sense together in a sentence

- rules about how words should be pronounced

- diagramming of sentences

- rules of body language

Definition

Which words make sense together in a sentence

 

A language's grammar dictates how words will combine to create meaningful sentences. For instance, "The pig more" would not make sense, whereas "The pig wanted more" would make sense via the inclusion of one key word.

Term

Language development is ...

 

- unpredictable

- sequenced and step-like

- highly dependent upon genetics

- gender specific in timing

- solely dependent on environmental factors

Definition

sequenced and step-like

 

Provided no disorder is present, language development should, across culture and gender, be sequenced and step-like.

Term

If intelligence is capacity, then achievement is ...

 

- learning ability

- genetic ability

- attainment

- environmentally determined

- not ultimately necessary

Definition

attainment

 

Achievement involves what we do, or attain, with our capacity for intelligence.

Term

Which theorist developed intelligence testing methods at the turn of the twentieth century?

 

- Simon

- Binet

- Spearman

- Erikson

- Stanford

Definition

Binet

 

It was Frenchman Alfred Binet who developed intelligence testing methods at the turn of the century.

Term

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

 

- analytical

- practical

- creative

- subjective

- none of the above

Definition

subjective

 

According to Robert Sternberg's triarch, analytical, practical, and creative are the three key types of intelligence.

Term

When using the Binet-Simon scale, what is meant by "Mental Age"?

 

- How old the child is physically

- The child's ultimate predicted capacity for knowledge

- How old the child will be before he/she reaches average intelligence

- The age at which IQ can begin to be tested

- The intellectual level at which the child is functioning

Definition

The intellectual level at which the child is functioning

 

Mental age, as opposed to the chronological age, refers to the intellectual level at which the child is currently functioning.

Term

Mothers of securely attached infants ...

 

- are less likely to be affectionate to their children

- respond insensitively to their babies' social behaviors

- provide unpredictable caregiving

- respond with excessive alarm when their children are upset

- are in-tune with their babies and are predictable caregivers

Definition

are in-tune with their babies and are predictable caregivers

 

Mothers of securely attached infants readily pick up on their children's behavioral and emotional cues.

Term

Which parent generally provides more opportunities for attachment bonding?

 

- There is no difference

- Fathers, because they play with the infants more

- Mothers, because they provide significantly more basic care

- It varies greatly from culture to culture

- Mothers, because they are culturally dictated to do so

 

Definition

Mothers, because they provide significantly more basic care

 

In most cases, the mother, cue to both biologically and culturally-biased factors, provides significantly more basic care, and is therefore available for more bonding opportunities.

Term

Barney is a 4-month old infant who appears withdrawn, depressed, and is losing all interest in the world.

 

- Barney may suffer from early onset schizophrenia

- Barney probably has severe neurological damage

- Barney may be the victim of social deprivation

- Barney may be displaying early signs of mental retardation

- Barney may be autistic

Definition

Barney may be the victim of social deprivation

 

With few opportunities for attachment and secure emotional development, Barney is withdrawing, and is highly likely a victim of social deprivation. Although children with autism typically withdraw, four months old is too early for a child to be diagnosed autistic.

Term

A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. The observing child, likewise, stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of ....

 

- social referencing

- secure attachment

- insecure attachment

- activation of reflexes

- classical conditioning

Definition

social referencing

 

The observing child is engaging in social referencing, taking cues from another child as a behavioral model.

Term

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called ...

 

- temperament

- personality

- self-concept

- genotype

- identity

Definition

personality

 

The individual's unique personality dictates the distinctive ways of responding to people and events.

Term

Which of the following is TRUE about toddler play?

 

- They engage in complex interactive play

- They may imitate each other, but often do not interact

- They do not imitate each other as they have not learned this yet

- They engage in simple interactive play

- Toddlers play only near adults, as other children scare them at this stage.

Definition

They may imitate each other, but often do not interact.

 

Toddlers often engage in parallel play, in which they may imitate each other, play alongside each other, but may not necessarily interact.

Term

Why might boys and girls show gender-stereotyped toy and activity preferences?

 

- There are possible biological factors

- Parents may encourage this thorugh toy purchases and actions

- These differences are role-modeled through television and other media

- Other children may encourage them.

- All of these

Definition

All of these

 

Despite well-meaning parents' and teachers' attempts to prevent gender-stereotyping, this phenomenon is alive and well due to all the above, and many other, reasons.

Term

Prosocial behavior is also sometimes referred to as ....

 

- Non-centrism

- Empathy

- Altruism

- Sympathy

- Moral action

Definition

altruism

 

Prosocial behavior is also known as altruism - engaging in a behavior helpful to others without any necessary expectation of reward

Term

Which of the following is TRUE about the connection between person-oriented aggression and cognitive development?

 

- There is no relationship

- There is an inverse relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression diminishes

- The relationship has not been studied, therefore the question cannot be answered.

- There is a positive relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression tends to increase.

- Aggression has been shown to be correlated more with social, rather than cognitive, development.

Definition

There is an inverse relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression diminishes.

 

Once children mature cognitively, they are more likely to be able to consider others' points of view, and so become less impulsively aggressive toward others.

Term

Parents are more likely to abuse....

 

- sick or unhealthy children

- firstborn children

- full-term infants

- girls

- boys

Definition

sick or unhealthy children

 

Due to the frustration involvedi n raising a sick or unhealthy child, parents are likely to be impatient and abusive.

Term

What attachment pattern would you expect in a non-familial perpetrator of sexual child abuse?

 

- Secure

- Insecure

- There is no relationship between attachment and sexual child abuse

- over-secure

- ambivalent

Definition

insecure

 

Due to the unpredictable nature of behavior in a sexually abusive relationship, attachment would be insecure at best.

Term

Which of the following represents "regression" on the part of a sibling when another sibling is born?

 

- wanting to help mommy take care of the new baby

- the younger sibling attempting to imitate the older sibling

- the older child having toilet accidents even after having been potty trained

- the older sibling wanting a little extra attention

- the older sibling wanting to play alone

Definition

the older child having toilet accidents even after having been potty trained

 

An older sibling, upon the birth of a sibling, might regress by reverting to potty accidents or requesting long-abandoned bottles or pacifiers.

Term

A self-reliant child is most likely to have been raised by ...

 

- authoritarian parents

- permissive parents

- indulgent parents

- authoritative parents

- neo-authoritarian parents

Definition

authoritative parents

 

Authoritative parents who are able to combine structure with the encouragement of independence are most likely to raise self-reliant children.

Term

What may enhance the success of early intervention programs?

 

- Prior participation by siblings

- Discontinuing the intervention upon entry into early elementary school

- Selecting tutoring in place of family support

- Inexperienced clinical staff

- The involvement of parents

Definition

The involvement of parents

 

Early intervention programs, provided they are run by well-trained staff and supported by highly-involved family members, have been shown to improve child performance onward to the elementary school years.

Term

What are the effects of television viewing by children?

 

- It clearly has positive effects on impulse control.

- It causes children to be more restless.

- It stifles the imagination.

- It probably depends on what shows are being watched.

- It is detrimental to the child's current course of study.

Definition

It probably depends on what shows are being watched.

 

While television is often viewed as a societal evil, children can benefit from watching certain educationally or culturally sound programming. In other words, caution should be exercised when helping to shape a child's viewing habits.

Term

The more complex the child's social cognitive capacity _____. 

 

- the more friends the child tends to make

- the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become

- the more likely the child is to do whatever the parents ask

- the more isolated the child feels

- the more developed the self-esteem

Definition

the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become

 

The more complex the child's social-cognitive capacity (i.e. moral development, empathy, and self-concept), the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become, due to increased understanding in this realm.

Term

Children who are depressed tend to interpret failures as ....

 

- undeserved

- external

- specific

- unstable

- internal

Definition

internal

 

Children suffering from depression tend to internalize failure (i.e. self-blame)

Term

Which of the following is NOT one of Selman's five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood?

 

- egocentrism

- assume one perspective is right

- understands intention

- believes in universal rules

- understands perspective of the larger social group

Definition

Believes in universal rules

 

According to Robert Selman, one of the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood would NOT believe in universal rules.

Term

According to Erikson, middle childhood children are in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

 

- industry vs. inferiority

- initiative vs. guilt

- trust vs. mistrust

- dependence vs. independence

- generativity vs. stagnation

Definition

industry vs inferiority

 

Children passing through middle childhood are in the industry vs inferiority stage of psychosocial development, attempting mastery of tasks and boosting self-esteem in the process.

Term

What is the first stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson?

 

- Initiative vs guilt

- Autonomy vs shame and doubt

- Trust vs mistrust

- Industry vs inferiority

- Intimacy vs isolation

Definition

Trust vs mistrust

 

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development (infancy) involves basic trust vs mistrust; this allows the infant to become ultimately secure in his/her environment.

Term

During which stage of development does the Oedipus complex occur?

 

- Oral stage

- Anal stage

- Phallic stage

- Latency stage

- Genital stage

Definition

Phallic stage

 

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex, in which the male child's feelings for the mother are acted out in a fearful and hostile manner toward the father, occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

Term

When do the greatest gains in identity formation occur?

 

- after marriage

- during the college years

- during junior high school

- during high school

- during middle childhood

Definition

during the college years

 

The college years, in which separation from home and family and exposure to multiple novel points of view occur, lead to experimentation with identity.

Term

When we say that self-concept has become more "differentiated" what does this mean?

 

- The adolescent has placed self-descriptors into a small number of caregories

- That self and self-esteem have become separated

- That more categories have been added to one's self-description

- All of the above

- None of the above

Definition

That more categories have been added to one's self-description

 

Self-concept (the sense of self) becomes more differentiated and complex when we add newly-generated categories to our self-description

Term

A six-day-old infant sucks on a nipple in order to eat. A psychologist would NOT view this as the result of learning because ....

 

- it is a physical behavior

- all forms of eating behaviors are unlearned

- infants can't learn

- the behavior did not require any experience

- this is a reflex

Definition

The behavior did not require any experience

 

While sucking in infants is indeed a reflex, a psychologist would be more apt to concentrate on the fact that experience, one of the hallmarks of learning, did not produce the sucking behavior.

Term

If you salivate at the sight of McDonald's "Golden Arches," you are evidencing ....

 

- an unconditioned response

- a reflex action

- a conditioned response

- learned helplessness

- shaping

Definition

a conditioned response

 

We might salivate at hunger as an unconditioned response, but if we experience the "Golden Arches" as an additional cue for humber and salivation, we are salivating at a now conditioned response.

Term

Seligman's learned helplessness experiment showed that the dogs who were initially shocked while in harnesses....

 

- showed an improvement in behavior when the situation was changed

- learned to tell the differencebetween situations where their behavior made a difference and situations when it didn't

- came to associate the presence of the harness wiht the pain of the shocks

- generalized passive behavior to subsequent situations

- made every attempt to avoid being shocked again

Definition

generalized passive behavior to subsequent situations

 

The concept of learned helplessness demonstrates the inability to make active attempts to avoid certain outcomes.

Term

If a previously extinguished response reappears, the phenomenon is referred to as....

 

- secondary learning

- extinction

- an unconditioned response

- the Premack Principle

 - spontaneous recovery

Definition

spontaneous recovery

 

the above mentioned phenomenon is referred to as spontaneous recovery

Term

In Watson's experiment with Albert, the unconditioned response was....

 

- fear of the rat

- a loud noise

- a white rat

- fear of the loud noise

- a bell

Definition

fear of the loud noise

 

In this famous experiment, the unconditioned (primary) response was fear of a loud noise, which was then paired with a rat to create the conditioned response of fear of the rat.

Term

Operant conditioning requires....

 

- reinforcing the desired behavior

- pairing a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus

- pairing a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

- punishing a trial-and-error behavior

- positive reinforcement

Definition

reinforcing the desired behavior

 

In operant conditioning, behavior is reinforced to create the likelihood of its recurrence.

Term

Often at the beginning of the school year, a teacher has to punish a child in the class for breaking a classroom rule. Usually, from that one experience, the other children in the class learn what is acceptable and what is not. This situation MOST CLEARLY represents an example of....

 

- pseudoconditioning

- insight learning

- observational learning

- operant behavior modification

- classical conditioning

Definition

observational learning

 

Observational learning (or social modeling) involves witnessing others' behaviors and increasing/decreasing one's own behavior patterns based on the observed consequences.

Term

Which of the following has been shown to lower drop-out rates effectively?

 

- Head Start

- Small classsize

- Positive school climate

- Family support

- All of the above

Definition

All of the above

 

A multitude of interwoven variables could account for increasingly lower drop-out rates.

Term

What is a dyad in learning?

 

- a tool

- a scaffolding technique

- a pair

- a reflex

- a thought

Definition

a pair

 

Children can be instructed, if conditions are educationally sound, in a dyad (pair) with one adult as instructor/facilitator.

Term

Dennis is about to begin junior high school, and the changes in social environment that he will face include all of the following EXCEPT ...

 

- a new school

- a less bureaucratic type of school

- several teachers instead of one

- heavy academic demands

- increased gender role confusion

Definition

a less bureaucratic type of school

 

Bureaucracy abounds in junior high.

Term

According to Erik, Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to ...

 

- generativity vs self-absorption

- autonomy vs shame and doubt

- trust vs mistrust

- intimacy vs isolation

- identity vs confusion

Definition

identity vs confusion

 

Adolescents, in the midst of confusion of gender roles and onset of puberty, struggle to form a self-identity.

Term

When does autism usually become evident?

 

- By 2 months of age

- Between 12 and 16 months

- Between 18 and 30 months

- At 36 months of age

- At birth

Definition

Between 18 and 30 months

 

Autism most often becomes evident between 18 and 30 months, in the form of delays (or regression) in language, play skills, and social relatedness.

Term

Johnny always refers to himself as "you." This ....

 

- could represent an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal

- is not uncommon in childhood and should be ignored

- is typical when language is first acquired

- is a common feature in childhood schizophrenia

- is a charming idiosyncrasy

Definition

could represent an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal

 

Pronoun reversal, indicating weakness in use of pragmatics in language, is sometimes indicative of autism

 

Term

Conduct disorder....

 

- typically does not emerge until adolescence

- is more common in girls than in boys

- shows a good deal of stability across time

- is not related to family or marital conflict

- cannot be treated

Definition

shows a good deal of stability across time

 

Conduct disorders, unfortunately, show a great deal of stability across time.

Term

The most common cause of severe intellectual and emotional impairment in older individuals is...

 

- poor attention

- Alzheimer's disease

- loss of memory

- senescence

- cancer

Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term

People with bulimia...

 

- are often normal weight

- use extreme dieting

- are more often male than female

- are more commonly black adolescents, while white adolescents tend toward anorexia

- can be noticed easily by a skeletal appearance

Definition

are often normal weight

 

Bulimic individuals, due to their "binging" and "purging" are often normal weight, as opposed to anorexic individuals.

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