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CLEP Practice Test #5
N/A
88
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which thinker suggested that children are innately good?
Definition
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Term
According to Freud, ego ...
Definition
provides rational ways of coping with frustration
Term
Freud called his theory of child development ...
Definition
psychosexual
Term
Erik Erikson called a period of serious questioning and soul-searching ....
Definition
an identity crisis
Term
Johnny has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. Johnny wakes up, and finishes his urination by going to the bathroom. Over time, Johnny stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to treating bed-wetting?
Definition
Learning theory
Term
Albert Bandura is a ....
Definition
social cognitive theorist
Term

Which of the following would be consistent with social cognitive theory?

 

 

 

Definition
Identification occurs as children imitate the behavior patterns of others.
Term
Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?
Definition
Piaget
Term
Ethology is an example of ....
Definition
a biologically-oriented theory of development
Term
Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of ....
Definition
macrosystems
Term
Dr. Manquero has the hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants' chocolate and the other half gum, and then gives them an exam. In this experiment, what is the experimental group?
Definition
The group that eats chocolate
Term
An experiment seeks to determine the influence of ...
Definition
independent variable on the dependent variable.
Term
In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the ...
Definition
various amounts of alcohol consumed
Term
The repetition of an experiment by another experimenter at another time and place is called ...
Definition
replication
Term
The first two weeks of prenatal development is called the ...
Definition
germinal stage
Term
Which of the following represents cephalocaudal development?
Definition
the fact that we tend to develop from the head down
Term

The amniotic sac ....

 

- helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

- provides nutrients to the developing fetus

- filters germs and drugs away from the developing fetus

- is present during only the first two trimesters of pregnancy

- None of these is accurate

Definition
helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature
Term
Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus are called....
Definition
teratogens
Term

HIV CAN be transmitted by ...

 

 

Definition

- sexual relations

- blood transfusions

- breast-feeding

- shared needles

Term
What feature is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
Definition
Smaller-than-average brain
Term
Polygenic traits ....
Definition
are transmitted by combinations of pairs of genes
Term
Scientists took genetic material from one sheep to clone Dolly, making her genetically identical to the other sheep from which she was cloned. Cloning uses the process of ....
Definition
mitosis
Term
If you change a baby's position and its reaction is to arch its back, fling its arms and legs out, and then bring them back toward the chest, what reflex has occurred?
Definition
Moro reflex
Term
What is visual tracking in the neonate ?
Definition
certain forms of tracking may develop before others
Term

Newborns show preference for sounds ...

 

 

Definition
that match the rhythm of speech
Term
In comparison to adults, infants taste....
Definition

infants show a preference for sweet tastes

 

 

Term
If a toddler has to go down a steep slope while walking...
Definition

He will usually stop and crawl down the slope

 

Attesting to emergent depth perception, toddlers will crawl down the "dangerous" slope.

Term
When are the greatest gains in visual acuity?
Definition
from birth to 6 months
Term
Once motor development has been deprived ...
Definition
the damaged can be impoved by intervention
Term
Improvement in memory probably indicates ...
Definition
increased experiences with the environment
Term
According to Piaget, what are the stages of cognitive development?
Definition
sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
Term

What did Piaget believe?

 

Definition
cognitive developments are stage-based and universal
Term
An abstract, generalized account of repeated events is called ....
Definition
a script
Term
Memory for events that happened in one's life is called...
Definition
autobiographical memory
Term
With cognitive scaffolding...
Definition
the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled
Term
How questions are worded may influence whether the child can answer correctly. This is an example of....
Definition
a demand characteristic
Term
According to Piaget, a preoperational child would assume...
Definition
that taller glasses hold more than short glasses
Term
When does "pretend play" usually appear?
Definition
Sometime early in the second year.
Term
A key component of information processing views of cognitive development includes ...
Definition
selective attention processes
Term

Jimmy looks at his homework and decides he had better do math first because it always takes him longest. Jimmy is....

 

 

Definition

using metacognition

 

 

Term
Mean length of utterance refers to ...
Definition
the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence
Term
A child learns to call a dog "bow-wow" and now calls all animals he sees "bow-wow". This is an example of ...
Definition
over-extension
Term
Which of the following words is most likely to be found in early infant speech?
Definition
Go
Term
When is the infant's first word typically spoken?
Definition
Between 11 and 13 months
Term
Vocalizations that do NOT represent objects or events are called ...
Definition
prelinguistic
Term
Grammar refers to ....
Definition
which words make sense together in a sentence
Term
Language development is ....
Definition
sequenced and step-like
Term
Which theorist developed intelligence testing methods at the turn of the twentieth century?
Definition
Binet
Term
If intelligence is capacity, then achievement is ....
Definition
attainment
Term

What are the three aspects of intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

 

Definition
analytical, practical and creative
Term
When using the Binet-Simon scale, what is meant by "Mental Age"?
Definition
the intellectual level at which the child is functioning
Term
Mothers of securely attached infants ....
Definition
are in-tune with their babies and are predictable caregivers
Term
Which parent generally provides more opportunities for attachment bonding?
Definition
Mothers, because they provide significantly more basic care.
Term
Barney is a 4-month old infant who appears withdrawn, depressed, and is losing all interest in the world.
Definition
Barney may be a victim of social deprivation
Term
A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. The observing child, likewise, stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of ....
Definition
social referencing
Term

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called:

 

Definition
personality
Term
What characterizes toddler play?
Definition
They may imitate each other, but often do not interact.
Term
Why might boys and girls show gender-stereotyped toy and actively preferences?
Definition

- there are possible biological factors

- parents may encourage this through toy purchases and actions

- these differences are role-modeled through television and other media

- other children may encourage them

Term
Prosocial behavior is also sometimes referred to as ....
Definition
altruism
Term
What is the connection between person-oriented aggression and cognitive development?
Definition
There is an inverse relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression diminishes.
Term
Parents are more likely to abuse.....
Definition
sick or unhealthy children
Term
What attachment pattern would you expect in a non-familial perpetrator of sexual child abuse?
Definition
insecure
Term
Which of the following represents "regression" on the part of a sibling when another sibling is born?
Definition
The older child having toilet accidents even after having been potty trained.
Term
A self-reliant child is most likely to have been raised by ...
Definition
authoritative parents
Term
What may enhance the success of early intervention programs?
Definition
The involvement of parents
Term
What are the effects of television viewing by children?
Definition
It probably depends on what shows are being watched.
Term
The more complex the child's social cognitive capacity _____.
Definition
the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become
Term
Children who are depressed tend to interpret failures as....
Definition
internal (self-blame)
Term
Some of Selman's five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood are ...
Definition
Egocentrism, assume one perspective is right, understands intention, understands perspective of the larger social group
Term
According to Erikson, middle childhood children are in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.
Definition
industry vs. inferiority
Term
What is the first stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson?
Definition
Trust vs Mistrust
Term
During which stage of development does the Oedipus complex occur?
Definition
Phallic stage
Term
When do the greatest gains in identity formation occur?
Definition
the college years
Term
When we say that self-concept has become more "differentiated" what does this mean?
Definition
That more categories have been added to one's self-description.
Term
A six-day-old infant sucks on a nipple in order to eat. A psychologist would NOT view this as the result of learning because ...
Definition
the behavior did not require any experience
Term
If you salivate at the sight of McDonald's "Golden Arches," you are evidencing....
Definition
a conditioned response
Term
Seligman's learned helplessness experiment showed that the dogs who were initially shocked while in harnesses ...
Definition
generalized passive behavior to subsequent situations
Term
If a previously extinguished response reappears, the phenomenon is referred to as...
Definition
spontaneous recovery
Term
In Watson's experiment with Albert, the unconditioned response was....
Definition
fear if the loud noise
Term
Operant conditioning requires.....
Definition
reinforcing the desired behavior
Term
Often at the beginning of the school year, a teacher has to punish a child in the class for breaking a classroom rule. Usually, from that one experience, the other children in the class learn what is acceptable and what is not. This situation MOST CLEARLY represents an example of....
Definition
observational learning
Term
Which methods has been shown to lower drop-out rates effectively?
Definition
Head Start, small class size, positive school climate, family support
Term
What is a dyad in learning?
Definition
a pair
Term
Dennis is about to begin junior high school, and the changes in social environment that he will face include which points ....
Definition

- a new school

-several teachers instead of one

- heavy academic demands

- increased gender role confusion

Term
According to Erik, Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to ...
Definition
identity vs confusion
Term
When does autism usually become evident?
Definition
Between 18 and 30 months
Term
The most common cause of severe intellectual and emotional impairment in older individuals is...
Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term
People with bulimia ...
Definition
are often normal weight
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