Term
| Which thinker suggested that children are born a tabula rasa? |
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Definition
John Locke
He believed that children were born a tabula rasa (or blank slate) upon which adults could write and improint their knowledge. This view runs contrary to theories that children are born with any specific knowldge or behavioral inclinations. |
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Term
| The stage theories are .... |
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Definition
- development occurs in distinct periods.
- development in early periods influences development in later periods.
- development is discrete and predictable.
subsequent development is predicated by prior periods. |
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Term
| According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth? |
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Definition
Id
The id, home to our most primitive urges, is present at birth. |
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Term
| The superego can be described as ..... |
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Definition
| representing the moral standards and values of parents |
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Term
| According to Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, during the first year of life the child is in the _____ stage of development. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erikson? |
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Definition
Trust vs. mistrust
According to Erik Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development involves the dichotomy between trust and mistrust, when an infant learns to feel secure with its caregivers. |
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Term
| Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says, "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says 'gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of .... |
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Definition
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Term
| In behaviorism, if a behavior increases we assume .... |
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Definition
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Term
| By definition, a hypothesis.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Extinction of behavior occurs ..... |
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Definition
| from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement. |
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Term
| Dr Alfonzo has intensely studied a pair of conjoined twins for two years. This represents .... |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher has noted that the more hours students spend partying, the lower their exam scores. This represents .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Manquero has the hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants. chocolate and the other half gum, and then gives them an exam. In this experiment, what is the best way to divide the participants into groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| Research has shown that maternal smoking may ..... |
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Definition
| be associated with poor academic performance by the child later on |
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Term
| Given the cephalocaudal pattern of development, which of the following should happen first? |
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Definition
| development of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| In terms of prenatal development, alcohol would be an example of a ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which developing system is vulnerable for the greatest period of time after conception? |
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Definition
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Term
In comparison to other infants, infant "X" is more arounsed by stressors and does not calm down as rapidly as other infants. What might we assume about infant "X"?
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Definition
| This infant is likely to have been exposed to cocaine in utero. |
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Term
| When the XY genetic code begins to assert itself...... |
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Definition
| sex organs begin to differentiate. |
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Term
| Proximodistal development is ...... |
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Definition
| The fact that growth spreads outward from the spine. |
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Term
| Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal human cell, how many are contributed by the mother? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factor determines the sex of a child? |
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Definition
| The sex chromosome received from the father. |
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Term
| How can we assess infant visual preferences? |
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Definition
| By measuring how long an infant looks at particular objects |
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Term
| The habituation method is demonstrated when.... |
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Definition
| infants show recognition by no longer responding to something they have seen before. |
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Term
| When infants "look" at something .... |
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Definition
| they actually bounce from feature to feature rather than staring. |
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Term
| Michelle is crawling and she stops before crawling off an edge. This suggests..... |
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Definition
| That crawling infants also perceive depth. |
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Term
| If an infant perceives a door as the same shape whether it is open or ajar, this represents ... |
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Definition
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Term
| D.C. has learned that his ball is called a "toy". When he sees a round light bulb he calls it a "toy". This is an example of .... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? |
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Definition
- perioperational
- sensorimotor
- concrete operations
- formal operations |
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Term
| If an infant reaches for a toy hidden under a cloth, what does this suggest? |
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Definition
| That the child has a mental representation of the object in mind |
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Term
| What is the basis for most human learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Jana can tell the difference between an object she has seen before from a new one. This is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The term mental operations can best be described as .... |
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Definition
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Term
| "Why does it get dark?" " So I can go to sleep." A child at this cognitive stage would be described as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pretend play among children ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| What seems to enhance the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children? |
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Definition
| If they also include parental involvement. |
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Term
| What is the earliest communicative sound a child can make? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intonations involves .... |
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Definition
| rising and falling speech patterns |
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Term
| Rona has learned to call a toy truch "tru". Now, whenever she sees any toy with wheels, she calls it "tru". this is an example of .... |
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Definition
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Term
| A child says "doggy go". This is an example of .... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning in a sentence; it could be a word, or it could be part of a word such as a plural or a possessive, as long as it conveys meaning. |
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Term
| Which traditional intelligence test is consistent with Gardner's "intelligences"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carl has survived on the street because he can adapt to the demands of street life. Carl is probably ... |
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Definition
| high in practical intelligence |
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Term
| How are IQ scores at age 9 correlate with IQ scores at age 18? |
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Definition
| They are highly positively correlated. |
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Term
| Who is associated with research on attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
| An infant fusses mildly when the mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A baby smiles in response to the sound of the human voice or the sight of the human face. This is called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Aggression in preschoolers is ... |
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Definition
| usually possession-oriented |
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Term
| Can prosocial behaviors be taught to young children (age 3 or older)? |
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Definition
| Yes, if they are given responsibilities that model helping. |
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Term
| Are boys or girls more likely to "stray" from playing with gender-typed toys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between associative play and cooperative play? |
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Definition
| Cooperative play involves the purposes of the group. |
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Term
| Which level of morality centers on typical (family, society, religion) standards of right and wrong? |
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Definition
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Term
According to Piaget, at what age will a child begin to show autonomous morality?
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Definition
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Term
| Parenting characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection for the child, is referred to as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The confluence model of development suggests that ... |
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Definition
| multiple family variables flow together to produce important influences on the development of the child |
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Term
| What is known about the long-term effects of divorce on children? |
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Definition
| Anger toward the parent they perceive as responsible for the breakup persists. |
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Term
| The gradual transfer of control from parent to child is known as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Would having a stay-at-home mother and financial problems in the family likely to lead to negative outcomes for children? |
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Definition
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Term
| In relationship to physical abuse, physical neglect .... |
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Definition
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Term
| The effects of regular viewing of Sesame Street ..... |
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Definition
| Seem to apply across race, gender, and living conditions. |
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Term
| How do middle childhood children regulate their behavior? |
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Definition
| Those children increasingly regulate their own behavior. |
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Term
| As self-concept becomes more differntiated, what is likely to happen to self-esteem if a failure occurs in some area? |
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Definition
| The greater the degree of self-differentiation, the lower self-esteem becomes. |
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Term
| A stable attribution is one that .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Freud called the middle childhood years .... |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| The affiliation motive strengthens most often when people are in a situation involving ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| Temperaments in children .... |
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Definition
| Affects the quality of the parent/child interaction AND develops through both hereditary and environmental influences. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of learned helplessness? |
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Definition
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Term
| The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment was the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| When an animal is conditioned to make a response in a particular situation, and will also make the esponse in similar but different situations, it exhibits the effects of.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of learning NOT initially dependent on a specific stimulus to produce a specific response is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| If a baby responds favorably to the sound of its mother's voice but to no other voices, the baby is evidencing.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A parent who deliberately ignores a childs temper tantrum is attempting to discourage tantrums by ...... |
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Definition
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Term
| Observational learning is often referred to as.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best known preschool program for economically disadvantaged children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bandura suggests that girls with _____ are more likely to select non-traditional careers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parent training which combines limit-setting with negotiation would lead to parents who.... |
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Definition
| are authoritative, encounter less turmoil with their adolescents, have children who do better in school and are more self-reflective. |
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Term
| Why might girls have a more difficult transition into junior high school than boys? |
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Definition
| Girls are likely to be undergoing pubertal changes at the same time. |
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Term
Vulnerability to mental disorders can be affected by ....
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Definition
| a person's social environment, the character of earlier environments, genetic predispositions and poor quality of the educational environment. |
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Term
| The classification of emotional disorders used by most mental health professionals is called the .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Lance realizes his intense fear of snakes is irrational, but he can alleviate the fear only by avoiding any areas where snakes might appear. Lance is suffering from a(n) ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Research has found that obsessive-compulsive disorder ...... |
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Definition
- about a fifth of those with the disorder have tics
- there is a disruption of the pathways that link the frontal lobes to the cerebellum and brainstem
- the disorder runs in families and may have a genetic basis
- the disorder may involve a series of frantic rituals |
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Term
| Which may accompany autism? |
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Definition
- preservation of sameness
- echolalia
- self-stimulation
- mental retardation |
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