Term
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Definition
| areas of rapid cell division in shoots usually found at the tips of roots and branches; produces primary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of rapid cell growth giving rise to vascular and cork cambium; produces secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristematic tissue that produces xylem, phloem, and ray parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| the lateral meristem that produces bark |
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Term
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Definition
| buds formed on the sides of branches; form at the base of leaves; lateral bud growth results in production of a branch |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of meristematic tissue that may give rise to primary growth that occur on the ends of shoots and are covered and protected by cataphylls |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the apical meristem between the leaf primordia |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary meristem that gives rise to cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of primary merisematic tissue that develops into the pith and cortex and ermerges from behind the apical meristem |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary meristem that gives rise to vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth that increases height of tree or twig length; includes twig formation and elongation, and leaf production |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth that increases the diameter of the tree through lateral meristematic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue primarily responsible for carrying water and minerals; made up of vessel elements and tracheids; forms to the inside of the vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports carbohydrates; forms to the outside of vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| bud scales; a type of simple leaf that surround and protect the tiny, preformed secondary leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| shoots that grow from adventitious buds that lie dormant in stems or branches and can sprout during times of stress; aka water sprouts |
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Term
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Definition
| the uppermost, upwardly growing stem of a tree; in excurrent growth, its position is maintained by hormones that supress the growth of other lateral branches |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon of the terminal leader maintaining upward orientation and more rapid growth than lateral branches |
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Term
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Definition
| needles borne following the growth of primary needles that usually occur in fascicles; needles produced for the remainder of the trees life are secondary |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic leaves that develop as a result of the apical meristem being "sloughed off" the apical dome to develop on the sides of the apical meristem |
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Term
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Definition
| modified, rudimentary leaves found at the point of attachment of regular leaves to the stem; contribute carbon to spring growth before leaves have fully expanded |
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Term
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Definition
| first leaves borne after cotelydons emerge; occur singly even though needles occur in flushes later |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy coating on the outside of leaves and bark that prevents desiccation |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of cells underlying the upper and lower leaf surfaces; the outermost layer of cells underlying bark cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
| hardened cells that provide structural support in leaves and other parts of the tree |
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Term
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Definition
| columnar cells located beneath epidermis of leaves containing many chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular-shaped cells containing many chloroplasts; located adjacent to lower epidermis of leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of cells surrounding stomata that regulate the size of such structures on the surface of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| pore on leaf surface where most gas exchange between interior leaf tissue and its environment take place |
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Term
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Definition
| pockets of pitch (sap-like substance) that helps to repel bugs that feed on conifer needles |
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Term
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Definition
| a ring of dermal tissue surrounding the vascular bundle |
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Term
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Definition
| a band of live and dead cells surrounding vascular tissue in pine needles |
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Term
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Definition
| chloroplast-containing cells in some conifer needles |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of thick-walled cells below the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| stem + leaf primordia; a collective term for one leaf (in angiosperms) or one fascicle (in gymnosperms) |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of a twig inbetween two leaves (in angiosperm) or two fascicles (in gymnosperms) |
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Term
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Definition
| new stem units are formed and overwinter in buds until they experience bud break the next year in the spring; elongation occurs on a year by year basis - one flush (whorl) per year; number of leaves in a shoot are determined the year before; Determinate growth pattern - sets true terminal bud |
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Term
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Definition
| stem units are formed while elongation is taking place; tree will keep making leaves while conditions are favorable |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed growth except terminal bud can experience bud break in the same growing season if conditions are favorable; shoot elongation consists of more than one period of elongation and pause in primary growth in a growing season |
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Term
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Definition
| true terminal bud forms near end of growing season; associated with fixed growth |
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Term
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Definition
| no true terminal bud forms; twig elongation and bud formation continue until stopped by frost, part of twig after last lateral bud then dies and that lateral bud becomes the terminal bud for the next growing season; associated with free growth |
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Term
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Definition
| last lateral bud formed during indeterminate growth season; acts as terminal bud for the start of the next growing season |
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Term
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Definition
| premature bud break/elongation of a terminal bud that usually results from a lot of rain and/or warm weather late in the growing season; usually killed by frost and causes a loss of apical dominance for that shoot |
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Term
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Definition
| late season elongation of lateral buds |
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Term
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Definition
| excessively strong apical dominance observed in pines planted in tropical regions resulting in long unbranched shoots and poor wood quality |
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Term
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Definition
| visible wound remaining on bark of tree after stipule falls from twig |
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Term
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Definition
| pores for gas exchange on young twigs |
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Term
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Definition
| remnant left by fallen leaf on twig at its point of attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| visible remnant of leaf connection to vascular tissue on twig; completely enclosed by leaf scars |
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Term
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Definition
| band formed around twig as a remnant of terminal bud |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of leaves on a stem |
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Term
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Definition
| buds are arranged on twig in an orientation opposite of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| bud arrangement on twig with orientation of buds alternating from left to right or vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| the planear portionof leaves in angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| stem-like structure attaching leaf blade to twig |
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Term
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Definition
| central rib of leaf that is usually continuous with petiole |
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Term
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Definition
| "hidden seed"; taxonomic class of trees in which the ovule, which after fertilization becomes the mature seed, is encased within an ovary; aka deciduous trees for losing leaves during or before the onset of winter; aka hardwood even though wood is often softer than softwood trees |
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Term
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Definition
| "naked seed"; seeds not enclosed in an ovary and ovules exposed at time of pollination; aka evergreens because some leaves (needles) are kept through at least one winter; aka softwood because strong yet light wood good for use in construction industry |
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Term
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Definition
| growth form where the terminal leader grows at a faster rate than lateral branches and hormonally inhibits growth of lower branches resulting in a conical tree shape; usually occurs in conifers and some hardwoods |
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Term
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Definition
| growth form with a spreading crown shape resulting from multiple forking of the terminal leader and growth rates of lateral branches as fast or faster than terminal leader |
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Term
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Definition
| area of rapid cell division and expansion |
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Term
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Definition
| xylem formed by the vascular cambium; secondary xylem forms practically all wood |
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Term
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Definition
| a woody plant that is 20+ feet at maturity with a single, unbranched trunk for several feet and a somewhat well-developed crown |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivision of angiosperm trees in which older portion of trunk does not continue to increase in diameter as tree grows; most common are the palms |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivision of angiosperms in which seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves that emerge after germination; most angiosperms fall into this category |
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Term
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Definition
| shoots that arise from adventitious buds on roots; usually arise when injury has been done to the tree such as being felled; or can be a major form of asexual reproduction for some species |
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Term
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Definition
| phloem produced by the vascular cambium; forms a cylinder immediately inside the bark |
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Term
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Definition
| cells located in the top, central section of the meristem that divide infrequently and are the self-renewing undifferentiated stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| region surrounding the central zone; cells here divide much more rapidly and become cells that contribute to the organs of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| where photosynthesis takes place; organelle of leaf cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bark tissue underlying phelloderm |
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Term
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Definition
| central portion of twig or root |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow and tough cells that function as support in angiosperms; xylem cells formed in addition to tracheids and vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| living, inner bark cells that store starch |
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Term
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Definition
| cork cells produced by the phellogen/cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| radially orientated plates of living cells that are a part of secondary xylem; store and transport carbohydrates and other compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a year's worth of secondary xylem growth; distinguishable because of transition from latewood to earlywood at the start of each new year |
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Term
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Definition
| formed in springtime when tree diameter is rapidly expanding; cells are large, of low density, and have thin cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| small, high density cells with thick cell walls; forms after earlywood in the growing season |
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Term
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Definition
| type of wood in angiosperms; small, scattered vessels formed in climates with constant water available throughout seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| type of wood in angiosperms; large, concentrated vessels all formed at same time; formed for plants living in climates with seasons of more and less water |
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Term
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Definition
| short, wide xylem cells adapted for transporting large amounts of water |
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Term
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Definition
| xylem cells that serve as both conductive and support cells in gymnosperms; in angiosperms, vessel and fiber cells are formed in addition to tracheids for xylem tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| intercellular connection where secondary cell wall is absent but primary cell wall is present |
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Term
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Definition
| during times of drought xylem cells can be destroyed when air bubbles form creating a vacuum because not enough water is available to move through cells |
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Term
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Definition
| artificial method for breaking seed dormancy involving storing seed in cool, moist conditions with temperatures just above freezing to mimic chilling |
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Term
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Definition
| artificial method for breaking seed dormancy involving mechanically or chemically breaking seed coat |
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Term
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Definition
| certain number of hours required by some plant species at a certain temperature to break seed dormancy |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi; fungi break down organic matter for nutrients; roots return some sugars made through photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi located on outside of fine roots; breaks down nitrogen; more common in colder regions; macroscopic |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic fungi located on inside of fine root; collects phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen-fixing bacteria that inhabit root nodules of legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with plant; in exchange for sugars produced through photosynthesis, the bacteria provides resistant to diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| cellulose - gives structure to cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| gives structure to cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| basic structural units of cell walls; composed of cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| less complex than cellulose but also found in plant cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that fills the empty spaces in cell walls and binds cells together; also gives strength to cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of three distinct layers with different orientations of cells; contains mostly cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| layer that bonds cells together; rich in lignin |
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Term
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Definition
| channels between cell walls through which plant cells communicate and transport |
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Term
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Definition
| empty cavity insdie dead, mature fiber cells |
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Term
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Definition
| female, seed producing cone in conifers |
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Term
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Definition
| cone scale of male pollen cone |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal secondary xylem cells that grow in response to leaning or bending of a stem; usually results in decreased wood quality and eccentric growth rings |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction wood in which larger growth rings (latewood) on underside of leaning stem form to push upright; lignin rich - very strong; occurs in conifers |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction wood formed in hardwoods on the upperside of leaning stem to pull upright; less lignin - uses tension to pull upward; larger (latewood) rings form on top side |
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Term
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Definition
| wood nearest the bark that is younger and lighter in color; composed of active xylem (10% living cells), live storage cells and ray parenchyma (for storage and movement of compounds towards heartwood) |
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Term
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Definition
| wood nearest the center of the trunk; oldest wood and often darker in color (more valuable); composed completely of dead secondary xylem cells and used for storage of resins and other anti-fungal substances; plays no role in conducting water or minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| ball of gum or resin located in heartwood to protect against fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded outgrowth of the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| male, pollen producing cone in conifers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| location in male pollen cone where pollen grains are formed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seed scale on female seed cone; covered by integument |
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Term
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Definition
| two per megasporophyll; develop into megagametophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| small opening through which pollen tube penetrates the ovule |
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Term
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Definition
| outer, protective layer of a seed |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer layer of an ovule |
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Term
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Definition
| separate male and female reporductive structures on the same tree |
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Term
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Definition
| male and female reproductive structures on different trees |
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Term
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Definition
| has all flower parts - corolla (petals), sepals, stamens, and pistil |
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Term
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Definition
| missing one of the four flower parts - either corolla (petals), sepals, stamen, or pistil |
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Term
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Definition
| have functioning male and female parts |
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Term
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Definition
| lack a stamen or pistil and are therefore always incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
| imperfect flowers that have a pistil only |
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Term
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Definition
| imperfect flowers that only have a stamen |
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Term
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Definition
| petals; inner set of floral leaves consisting of fused or separate petals that surround the carpels |
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Term
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Definition
| full collection of sepals on an individual flower |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of calyx (all sepals) and corolla (all petals) on a flower; or if no sepals, perigone (all the tepals) |
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Term
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Definition
| the pollen producing part of a flower supported by a filament |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the stamen where pollen is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| thin supportive stalk of the stamen |
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Term
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Definition
| the ovule-producing (seed-producing) structure of a flower; consists of the style, stigma, and ovary containing the ovule |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the pistil where pollen germinates |
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Term
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Definition
| supportive structure in pistil connecting stigma to ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| the mature ovary of a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer of the pericarp (fruit wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer of pericarp (fruit wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of pericarp (fruit wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| the root of a newly emerged seedling |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic leaves of a plant; will become the first leaves following emergece from the seed coat |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic stem; part of seedling connecting cotyledons to radicle |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of seedling above cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| seed tissue containing stored food including fats, carbohydrates, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of seed that is physiologically capable of producing a seedling |
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Term
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Definition
| first bud of the seedling/embryonic plant; consists of the epicotyl and cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| regrowth of seedling if damagaed or cut back |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of roots on branches that touch the ground but are still connected to the parent tree |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring with identical genes to parent |
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Term
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Definition
| form of asexual plant propogation where a twig is cut from parent plant and buried in the ground except for a portion sticking out of the ground; buds sprout to form new shoots and roots develop from adventitious buds |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual plant reproduction; fusing the scion (shoot) of one plant to the stock (rootsystem) of another to combine desirable traits of both; offspring will have no characteristics of the stock |
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Term
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Definition
| tree with desirable phenotypic characteristics - straight, clear bole, small crown, disease resistance, large size; cuttings taken for establishment of orchards |
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Term
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Definition
| the point where the scion was joined with the stock; is sometimes clearly visible on older trees |
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Term
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Definition
| form of asexual propogation using small tissue fragments to make a tissue and bud culture |
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Term
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Definition
| produced through somatic embryogenesis (a method of micropropogation) in an unlimited number from a single seed that will grow into identical trees; "somatic" means the embryos are created asexually |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to dormant buds except cannot be traced to the pith; examples are root suckers or stump sprouts; generally form on older portions of the tree; also may form when injured or when roots are exposed to light |
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