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an alter dedicated to the roman goddess Victory in the senate house in Rome
SIGNIFICANCE:gave homeage to the goddess much like a pledge of allegiance, created feud between christians and pagans |
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polytheist who believed the alter of victory should remain in the roman senate house.he thinks not paying attention to the goddess will put rome in danger
SIGNIFICANCE: displays the influence of christianity on rome, systematic removal of pagan beliefs and practices |
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Ambrose of Milan
(340-397) |
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believes the altar of victory should be removed, claims she is a demon and worshipping the statue is disgusting.
SIGNIFICANCE: wins the controversy and is given power, he become one of rome first saints, body is put on display |
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Jerome of Stridon
(347-420) |
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a model christian who rejected literature, swore to give it up but didn't
SIGNIFICANCE: heavily influenced ideas of christianity total rejection model, hard liner |
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Basil of Caesarea
(320-379) |
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bishop cultural mixing, pick and choose model educated int eh classic says philosophy and poetry are important but must ignore what is not morally significant
SIGNIFICANCE: heavily edited versions of classical works |
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kept classical style can emphasize different things in writing, believed you could talk about Jesus in a pagan style
SIGNIFICANCE: happy blending christianity and paganism, a hybrid model |
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Augustine of Hippo
(354-430) |
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hybrid model write philosophical and biblical models, largely biblical
SIGNIFICANCE: adopts roman style such as cicero but with biblical texts |
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roman basilica started by max finished by con very large audience hall, administrative center
SIGNIFICANCE: imperial propoganda, open for all legal powers, statement of the power of the emperor , statue of constantine was in there. later gets adopted into christian |
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christian church
SIGNIFICANCE: the form of a roman basilica, applying pagan identites to Xn, taking roman materials literally taken from imperial roman buildings. re using this material signifies incorporation of roman images |
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| SIGNIFICANCE: often circular free standing, opulent |
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masoleum round form
SIGNIFICANCE: dont shy away from wealth and status traditional roman forms visually incorporated to new christian buildings |
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self proclaimed prophet of the persian empire ultimately gets executed.
SIGNIFICANCE: dualism of zoroastrianism takes christianity and judaism and puts them together. "religion is a separation of light from darkness" Manichaeism 300-500 BC very popular in China- represents religious variety. |
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mithras a deity from zoroastrianism- sub deity of ahura mazda
SIGNIFICANCE:Romans regarded the mysteries as having Persian or Zoroastrian sources |
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extreme religion where bishops have much legal authority and are in charge of the government.
SIGNIFICANCE: goes above and beyond a classic idea of religion, an extreme form of devotion |
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variety of Christianity, argues son of God is a lesser god
SIGNIFICANCE: believes jesus is a subordinate of the Father, they are not one entity |
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Constantines son preferred arise teachings of christianity
SIGNIFICANCE: sends pro-nicean bishop into exile |
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Athanasius of Alexandria
(298- 373) |
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pro nicaeanian bishop sent to exile 5 times
SIGNIFICANCE: denounces constantines religious upheaval is part of high legal authority |
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ruler after constantious appointed as jr emperor, is good at his job in the military makes constantious feel threatened. julian hates his uncle bc he murdered his whole family
SIGNIFICANCE: hates christianity, in favor of paganism sponsor to rebuild of temple in Jerusalem |
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| SIGNIFICANCE: in 392 made nicaean christianity the only legal form to practice. |
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peace with the gods, religion as a part of the political sphere. believed good government included religion. accepted different parts of the world had different religious values.
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Zoroaster / Zarathustra
(1500 BC) |
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prophet who founded the ancient persian religion, wrote hymns of a dualistic
SIGNIFICANCE: influence over other major Western religion, archetype of dualistic view |
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idea of the world as two opposing beliefs and the struggles between the two
SIGNIFICANCE: truth and order versus lies and chaos |
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sole god and good diety of zoroastrianism
SIGNIFICANCE: represented truth and order view of the religion |
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bad god, principles of darkness
SIGNIFICANCE: represented lies and chaos |
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zoroastrian text, older than the religion current copies come from one sole sasanian version and then made standardized versions
SIGNIFICANCE: creates conformity and religious vitality |
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Arch of Constantine
(312-315) |
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Pagan/Christian ambiguity? Victory over a "tyrant" [Maxentius] and his "faction" by "divine stimulus and greatness of mind"; reused architectural pieces) from earlier emperors
SIGNIFICANCE: divine aspect looks like roman imperial arch |
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Sol Invictus
unconquered sun |
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helios, god of the sun, acknowledge role of the sun god to walk the line of pax deorum
SIGNIFICANCE:274 AD the Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official cult alongside the traditional Roman cults |
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constantine faces dilemma doesn't know who is worshipping correctly. creates council of bishops who wrote a creed to define what christians should believe
SIGNIFICANCE: defines their view of the "right version" of christianity, so all others would be condemned. |
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takes position to replace Diocletian as Sr emperor of the east co-rules with constantius chlorus. appoints severus and maximinus daia as jr emperors.
SIGNIFICANCE: (311) calls of Great Persecution bc he sees it has stabilized nothing issues Edict of Toleration |
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The Great Persecution
(303-311) |
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crackdown on Christianity Diocletian and Galerius interested in persecution / Maximian and Constantius against it. in hopes of religious conformity Roman empire persecutes Christians to bring the empire together under classic Roman ideals
SIGNIFICANCE: first time in roman empire to have laws against christianity |
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accepted the validity of christianity but did not endorse the practice
SIGNIFICANCE: allowed christians to worship without persecution |
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Constatius Chlorus
(250-306) |
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co-emperor of Galerius and father of Constantine
SIGNIFICANCE: dies abruptly causing chaos among the tetriarchy |
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Constantine
(272-337) (rule 306-337) |
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son of constantius chlorus assumes role of emperor without approval. defeats Maxentius at Battle of Milvian Bridge, defeats Licinius to then become the first christian emperor of Rome
SIGNIFICANCE: issues Edict of Milan legalizes Christianity,last remnants of tetriarchy includes pa deorum. what are his effcts being a proclaimed christian |
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at the council of carnuntum (308) is declared Sr emperor of the east by Diocletian.become co-senior emperor with Constantine after they aligned to defeat Maximizes Daia and Maxentius defeats made in 313. Laciness and Constantine do not get along.
SIGNIFICANCE: goes to war with Constantine in 316/317 claims to revoke edict of milan. defeated in 324 by Constantine |
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Maxentius
(c278) (rule306-312) |
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son of Maximian (former sr emperor) declares himself emperor, defeated by Constantine
SIGNIFICANCE: loses at the battle of the milvian bridge |
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Battle of the Milvian Bridge
(312) |
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Constantine vs Maxentius, C. marches on the city of Rome meets Maxentius on the field of battle, the night before C has a vision and sees "in this time, conquer" the next day as MAx.'s army chooses the bridge it collapses (giving constantine the edge)
SIGNIFICANCE: Constantine give thanks to the Christian God, battle gave C undisputed control over the West half of Roman empire once marginalinalized religion is now one of the emperors |
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reverts to Aidealo by using a traditional values as propoganda for their ew empire
SIGNIFICANCE: through traditional religion, promoting new empire Eran,created cultural togetherness bc they are a huge new empire and maintain not militarily but culturaly |
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known as the unifier in 224 kills last ruler of parthian and comes to power. military genius ,stops civil wars
SIGNIFICANCE: first ruler of sasanian empire, unifies the territory establishes the empire |
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Aradashir's son, pursued an aggressive expansionist policy
SIGNIFICANCE: captures Valerian, wants to restore glory to the empire such as the achaemenid period.with his father they are first real threat to roman empire, thorn in romes side led the the Peace of Nisibis |
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Achaemenid Ideology
(550-330 bce) |
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older empire ruled a lot of territory successful at maintaing a large empire enacted during the sasanian empire. why are the sasanians using this past dynasty as a model
SIGNIFICANCE: Sasanians use the ideas and revert back to that time under ardashir and shapur |
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split the empire into east and west, created Tetriarchyl system created strong foreign policy successfully pushed back Sasanian empire
cracks down on non-traditional gods (MAnnecheism Christianity)
SIGNIFICANCE: Restabilize frontiers,non dynastic system, shared power among rulers. |
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Tetrarchy (Rule by Four)
two senior emperors - Diocletian (east) Maximian (west)
two junior emperors- Galerius Caesar (east) Constantius Caesar (west)
created four administrative capitals: Trier, Milan, Nicomedia, Sirmium no capital in Rome
SIGNIFICANCE: shared rule, no monarchy. |
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Peace of Nisibis
(299-363) |
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peace treaty between Sasanians and Romans ended by Julian the apostate
SIGNIFICANCE: ended Roman- Sassanian war (296-299) |
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loses at Battle of Edessa (260) captured by Sassanians (Shapur) , first Roman emperor to be captured.
SIGNIFICANCE: established them as a legitimate threat |
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Romans led by Valerian vs Sasanians led by Shapur attempt to restore Sasanian empire to the concept of Eran wants to restore Achamenid empire.
SIGNIFICANCE: legitimizes Sasanian empire |
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Gallic Empire - West
(259-268) |
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| SIGNIFICANCE: much like Palmyrene Empire, set up idea for Diocletian's tetriarchy or separate governing areas. still roman territory with smaller areas to govern by co and jr emperors. |
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ruler of Gallic empire
SIGNIFICANCE: defeat unified rome. |
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Palmyrene Empire - East
(270-274) |
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Zenobia ruled the empire natural breakdown of the roman empire post 3rd century crisis
SIGNIFICANCE: how it affects the tetriarchy, maturally geographic areas of management, broken up into 3 groups precedes how Diocletian decides to break up the territory
reversion to local economies. |
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Defeated by Aurelian
SIGNIFICANCE: her defeat reunites the empire under Aurelian. set up idea for Diocletians tetriarchy or separate governing areas. still roman territory with smaller areas to govern by co and jr emperors. |
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| reunites the Roman empire, defeated zenobia in palymyra SIGNIFICANCE: paved a way for him to reunite the toman empire, lead to diocletian and end civil war |
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Third-Century Crisis
(235-284) |
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"perfect storm" barbarian invasions. economic and leadership crisis, internal discord. expansion of Roman empire hard to control, most emperors didn't last long which led to instability begins with Alexander Severus assassination in 235
SIGNIFICANCE: led to a 50 year civil war, who is going to rule the Roman empire, |
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Edward Gibbon
(1737-1794) |
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wrote "the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire. (1776-1789)
SIGNIFICANCE: basic thesis that the moral decline opens weakness to be overtaken by barbarians. believed christianity caused the romans to become weak |
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Peter Brown
(1971-Present) |
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Wrote 'the world of late antiquity"
SIGNIFICANCE: doesn't talk of change but rather what it was like to live during the time |
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