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| Believers of traditional stories of collective importance |
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| Logical - people who believed stories were not logical and the only thing real had to be irrefutably proven. |
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| Thinker who was put on trial in 399 BCE for corrupting the youth of the city about the Gods of the city. He said "the unexamined life is not worth living." Plato continued his work. |
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A traditional story with collective importance. Comes from mythos. A myth has no identifiable author.
It's a story with a plot - it has a beginning middle end, characters, characters, conflict/resolution, setting |
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| The main characters are supernatural beings (Gods that are more superior than humans). They control forces of nature. They take place before space and time function in the normal way. These don't constitute religion. Analogous to theoretical science. |
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A myth that has explanatory purposes
ie: season vary because Persephone had to live with Hades for four months |
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| Legend is analogous to history. Usually the characters are great human heros. The humans are human but much better than average people. They take place on earth in a far away time. Greeks cared more about drama than accuracy. |
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| A traditional story that is not a divine myth or legend. Includes fables and fairytales. The characters are simple people or animals. Usually these people have low social class. |
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| A common folktale pattern. The type is the more umbrella term, it is the general pattern a folktale follows. An example is Perseus. The quest is the type he follows. An example is the Legend of Perseus. The "quest" is the type. |
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| The elements that make up a folktale pattern (the type). Multiple motifs can be found in folktales. |
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| Remove unsavory aspects of myths. |
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Characters, places, and actions represent something different than what they appear to be.
Homeric Gods who fight represent natural phenomena not deities. In Theagenes' Cosmology, Apollo (sun) fights Poseidon (water). |
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| The stoic philosophers refined the idea of allegory by applying it to all sorts of myths. For example, Cronus swallows his children (children represent ages, and he represents time = time consumes ages). |
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| Euhemerus (300 BCE) said that myths represented historical, not cosmological truth. Found statues of early human kings on islands in the Indian Ocean. He says that the Gods were originally great men that were revered after death. |
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| A student of Socrates. Believed that Gods were free of human passion and wholly good. |
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| The most important resource in Greece. Greek cities were scattered around the sea. All lands surrounded the sea - Greece, Thrace, Asia Minor and Crete. |
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| Between 3000 and 1600 BCE. The Greek culture is not established. Agricultural people with bronze tools. Minoans unveiled cities on Crete and created the Labyrinth of Minos (a maze to contain the minotaur). Invaded in 1450 BCE by Knossos. |
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| Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age) |
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| Between 1600 - 1150 BCE. The city of Mycenae is on of the main sites. Taken over by Indo-Europeans in 1650 BCE. Cities were rules by rich and powerful kings. Mycenaeans used Linear B as writing (early forms of Greek). Many great legends were set in this period. |
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| Between 1150 and 800 BCE. Mycenaean palaces were destroyed between 1180 and 1150 BCE. We see social disorganization, depopulation, impoverishment and a lack of writing. |
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| Between 800 and 400 BCE. We see the invention of the Greek alphabet and cultural revival. In this time period, literature is being written down (Homer - Iliad, Odyssey; Hesiod - Theogony). Greek city-states (polis) begin to rise - urban core and competition between cities. Tyrants begin to rule these cities. By the end of the period, we see more wars with Persia, but the Greeks, outnumbered, are victorious. |
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| Between 480 and 323 BCE. Athens begins a democracy (power of the people). Persia invades multiple times (490 BCE at Marathon and 480 BCE at Thermopylae ie: 300 Spartan). Greeks recognized themselves as Hellenes. In 338, Greece is overrun by Macedonia and loose their independence. |
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| From 431-404 BCE, a great civil war between Athens and Sparta. This weakened the Greek nation. |
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| A macedonian King who rises up in 336 BCE and conquers land all the way to India until his death in 323 BCE. |
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| From 323 to 30 BCE. Greek culture is the global culture. In 146 BCE, Greeks were conquered by Rome. |
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| Freedom is defined as being a citizen of their city. Education was also important. Greece was a homosocial society - men spent more time together and kept women out of view. Men depended on each other in fighting and had lots of drinking parties (symposium). Person who is active in sex is the more dominant person. |
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| Ideal woman was tall, beautiful, quiet, submissive, and out of sight. They lived in their own part of the house and rarely left the house. |
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| Author of Theogony. Comes from Asia Minor. Was a singer of stories and tells us about himself, unlike Homer. He also wrote The Works and Days |
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Influenced Greek Lifestyles. Has similar patterns to Greek Myth such as successive generation of God battles and progression from female to male. Rulers include:
• Sumerians (4000-2300 BCE)
• Akkadians (2300-1750 BCE)
• Babylonians (1750-700 BCE)
• Persians (700-325 BCE) |
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| "Chasm." Something opens and beings come out. First is Gaea (Mother Earth) and Tartarus (Underworld). Following is Eros (Sexual Attraction), Erebus (Darkness) Nyx (Night) |
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| Have sex and produce opposites Aether (upper air) and Hemera (Day) |
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| Through asexual Reproduction, Gaea bears Uranus (Sky) and creates mountains and seas. |
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| Their constant sexual union brings about the 12 titans |
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| Oceanus and Tethys are primordial parents of all Gods |
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| Sun God and son of Gaea. He fathers Helius (Sun) who in-turn fathers Phaethon - Phaethon cannot hand his father's chariot of sun and scorches Ethiopia, making the inhabitants black. He also fathers Selene (moon) and Eos (Dawn) |
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| "Hundred-Handers." Children of Gaea and very strong |
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| Children of Gaea. They are blacksmiths for the Gods. |
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| Uranus stuffs his Children back into Gaea. Gaea gives Cronus a sickle and he cuts of Uranus' genitals and threw them over his shoulders. Marries Rhea. Told by Gaea that one of his offsprings will overpower him. To avoid this, he swallows his children (the first 6 olympians). |
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| Rise when blood from Uranus' genitals drip onto Gaea. |
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| Goddess of Sexual Love. When Uranus' genitals fall into the sea, it foams white and produces Aphrodite. |
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Gaea has sex with Pontus and produces other monsters:
• Sphinx
• Harpies
• Gorgons (Medusa)
• Cerberus (guard of underworld)
• Chimera |
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| She is wife of Cronus. She sends Zeus away to Crete to hide from Cronus. Cronus swallows a rock instead of Zeus. |
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| When Cronus swallows the rock, he vomits it out and it is now held in Delphi. |
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| Afte siblings are back, they occupy Mt. Olympus and begin a battle with the Titans. Only Themis and Prometheus side with the Olympians. With help of Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires, the Olympians win. The Titans are cast into Tartarus. |
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| A 100-headed dragon. Produced from Gaea and Tartarus. Zeus defeats it and buries it under Mt. Etna in Sicily. |
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| Zeus battles with the Giants. Hercules helps him to defeat the Giants. |
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| Zeus marries Metis (cleverness). Told their son will overthrow him so he swallows Metis while she is pregnant and ends the succession. |
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| Goddess of Wisdom and War. When Zeus has a headache, he splits his head open and Athena pops out (trickery on biology). |
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| Forethought. Creator of Mortals. Son of Clymene and Iapetus but helps Zeus in war against Titans. He makes humans (servants of God) from mud and water. |
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| Prometheus offers Gods two forms of meat (good meat in an ox or bad meat around a bone). When the Gods choose the bad meat, Zeus punishes men for this trickery by removing fire. Prometheus sneaks food from heaven to men and is punished. Pandora (woman) is given to men and Prometheus is pinned to rock for eagle to eat his regenerating liver. |
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| Wrote "Prometheus Bound," a tragedy about Prometheus. Says he taught man civilized art - math, farming, seafaring, medicine, metallurgy (savior of mankind). |
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| Heracles breaks Prometheus chains because Prometheus tells Zeus which female deity will would bear the son that would overrule him. The female was Thetis (sea nymph). Zeus marries Thetis to a mortal and the son is Achilles. |
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| Giver of all. Punishment for men from Prometheus' trickery. The Gods built her from clay and water. She is beautiful and womanly but has thievish morals and "the soul of a bitch." |
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| Afterthought. Brother of Prometheus. He is told by his brother not to accept Pandora as a bride but does so anyways. She then opens a jar from the Gods and releases ill and sorrow and hope fails to escape. |
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• Sumerian - Enki tells Ziusudra to build a large boat
• Akkadian - Ea tells Atrahasis to build a large boat
• Genesis - God tells Noah to build a boat |
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| Zeus confirms human evil. Wants to destroy earth with fire but worried about Olympus' survival so uses a flood instead. Deucalion and Pyrrha survive. |
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| Deucalion (son of Prometheus) and Pyrrha (daughter of Epimetheus and Pandor) arrive in Delphi near Temple of Themis. The oracle tells them to throw stones to create humans (the Hellenes). |
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| Lord of the Sky, great strength, symbolized by bull and eagle, protector of Xenia. |
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Family, women's fertility. Zeus' 8th wife and his sister. Queen of heaven. Her symbol is the cow and her temple is older than Zeus'. She has 3 children with Zeus
• Ares
• Eileithyia (Goddess of childbirth)
• Hebe (Goddess of Youth)
Scolds and persecutes when Zeus cheats. |
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| Prophecy, healing. The most complex Olympian. Has temples at Delos and Delphi. Born in Delos because it bobs in the water. |
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| Cleverness. 1st wife of Zeus and bears Athena |
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Law. 2nd wife of Zeus. Bears Horae (seasons) and Moerae (fate) which include:
• Clotho - spinner
• Lachesis - Apportioner
• Atropos - Cannot be turned aside |
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| Oceanid. Zeus' 3rd wife and bears the 3 graces. |
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| Memory. Zeus' 4th wife and bears the 9 muses. |
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| Zeus' 5th wife. In this alternative version, she bears Aphrodite. |
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| Zeus 7th wife. Bears Persephone. |
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| Zeus' 7th wife. Bears Apollo and Artemis. Hera is angry and punishes Leto by saying she can only give birth at the place where there is no sun. |
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| Gods are human-shaped and human-like. They feast, pay honor, seduce, marry, fight... |
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| Lord of the Sea. Drives his chariot across the waves and wields a trident. He is also a shaker of earth, creates Earthquakes and Tsunamis. |
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| Not an Olympian. King of the Dead (often called Pluto). Has an invisibility helmet and is married to Persephone. |
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| The center of the world. Contains the Navel. Apollo slays Python there. Pythia became the head prophetess seated on a tripod in the temple. |
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| Given prophetic powers in exchange for sex with Apollo but then denies him. She becomes a prophet no one believes. |
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| Given years but refuses sex from Apollo. She is given years but not youth. |
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| A river nymph who flees from Apollo. Her father changes her into a laurel tree to protect her virginity. It becomes Apollo's sacred plant. |
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| Born from Apollo and Coronis. She cheats on Apollo and he finds out from white raven, kills her with bow and arrow. Apollo takes Asclepius to be raised by a centaur. Becomes greatest doctor and a healer. |
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