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Learning
Vocabulary covering important terms from Unit 4
40
Psychology
12th Grade
10/25/2012

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Term
Associative Learning
Definition
Learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Term
Learning
Definition
Relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
View that psychology should be objective and study only behavior without reference to mental processes
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
In classical conditioning, the originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Term
Acquisition
Definition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Term
Higher-order Conditioning
Definition
When the conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus
Term
Extinction
Definition
The diminishing of a conditioned response which occurs when: an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus or (in operant conditioning) a response is no longer reinforced
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Term
Generalization
Definition
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Term
Discrimination
Definition
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
Term
Respondent Behavior
Definition
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by followed by a punisher
Term
Operant Behavior
Definition
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences will become more likely that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Term
Operant Chamber
Definition
aka. Skinner Box; box that contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food
Term
Shaping
Definition
Procedure where reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Term
Postive Reinforcement
Definition
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Increasing behaviors by removing negative stimuli
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
Innately reinforcing stimulus, typically one that satisfies a biological need
Term
Conditioned Reinforcer
Definition
Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Term
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction
Term
Fixed-ratio Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Term
Variable-ratio Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Term
Fixed-interval Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Term
Variable-interval Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times
Term
Punishment
Definition
Event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
Mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by observing others
Term
Modeling
Definition
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing another person performing certain actions; enables imitation and empathy
Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior
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