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Definition
| Learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
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| One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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| Relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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| View that psychology should be objective and study only behavior without reference to mental processes |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
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| Higher-order Conditioning |
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Definition
| When the conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| The diminishing of a conditioned response which occurs when: an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus or (in operant conditioning) a response is no longer reinforced |
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Definition
| The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Definition
| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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Definition
| Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by followed by a punisher |
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Definition
| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences will become more likely that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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Definition
| aka. Skinner Box; box that contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food |
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Definition
| Procedure where reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli |
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by removing negative stimuli |
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Definition
| Innately reinforcing stimulus, typically one that satisfies a biological need |
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Definition
| Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
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Definition
| Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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Term
| Variable-interval Schedule |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times |
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Definition
| Event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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Definition
| Mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
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| Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
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Definition
| Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment |
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| Learning by observing others |
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| Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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Definition
| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing another person performing certain actions; enables imitation and empathy |
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| Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior |
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