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-picture representing word or idea (heart in I <3 NY)
-symbol representing a concept or object by illustration
-pictographic has more characters than alphabet but use less often |
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| character or symbol representing an idea |
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| succession of letters occurring w/ the same phonetic value in several words (ight in bright, flight, light) |
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-set of written symbols, each representing a syllable (sound)
-used to write a given language |
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-set of letters (basic written symbols), each of which represents a phoneme
-system of representing sounds w/ symbols
-less characters than pictographic, but use more often |
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-use picture to represent harder concepts
-unrelated to represented word
-led to syllabary language based on sound
-example: picture of an eye = I |
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-looks like writing but unclear if it represents language
-begin to represent abstract concepts (numbers) |
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-between Tigris/Euphrates rivers
-cradle of civilization
-Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian empires |
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-southern mesopotamia/babylonia
-used pictographic and logographic
-sumerican language (earliest cuneiform) discovered here |
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-Darius I is the name seen on Behistun
-Persian emperor
-Claims credit for Old Persian |
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-created by sumerians
-3200 BC
-evolved from pictograms
-logographic and syllabic
-latin for "wedge shaped" |
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-1000 BC
-language of ancient religious text (ancient Persia)
-zoroastrianism (religion) |
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-decipherment began by Georg "the dishwasher" Grotefend
-600 BC
-cuneiform/Old Iranian language
-36 C + V and 8 logograms |
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-began decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform
-used names of languages (lucky guesses) |
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-triangular inscription
-Babylonian, Old Persian, Elamite
-is to cuneiform what rosetta stone is to hieroglyphics |
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-worked on Akkadian language
-helped by trilingual inscription at Behistun (Babylonian is later form of Akkadian) |
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-earliest known written language
-cuneiform/logosyllabic script
-4th millennium BC
-taken over by Akkadian |
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| Akkadian (Babylonian, Assyrian) |
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Definition
-took over Sumerian writing system
-semitic language |
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-Akkadian
-Arabic
-Aramaic
-Hebrew
-Phoenician
-etc. |
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-symbols that represent syllables
-example: CV, V symbols |
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-writing utensil
-usually NEED a REED to write in soft clay
-first used by ancient mesopotamians to write cuneiform |
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| determiner (determinative) |
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Definition
-extra piece of info that tells you about next word
-example: name of God |
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-sixth king of Babylon
-Hammurabi's code: one of first written codes of law in recorded history
-Sumerian legal system
-eye for an eye |
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-borrowed Akkadian writing system
-had Sumerian picto/logo/syllabograms
-found cuneiform |
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-ended around 4th century BC around greek/roman
-precursor unknown
-used determiners
-a character of any logographic system |
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-cursive hieroglyphs
-religious purposes
-3rd century AD |
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- 700-400BC
-direct descendant of hieratic |
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-hieratic more cursive than hieroglyph
-designed for writing by hand |
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-tree used for writing with brush
-good in dry climate (cant fold)
-used in egypt |
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-started serious study of hieroglyphics
-thought symbols represented mystical thoughts instead of language (parallels to Da Vinci) |
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-instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing
-Demotic/Greek/hieroglyphic
(hieroglyphic and demotic both Egyptian languages) |
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-port city on Mediterranean coast of Egypt
-site where Rosetta stone was found |
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-dynasty/royal family 305-30 BC
-ruled Egypt until Roman conquest |
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| -stone or wood carving decorated w/ names of those honored |
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-tried to decipher hieroglyphics using Demotic alphabet
-translated Demotic on Rosetta Stone |
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_________
(_________) indicated a royal name |
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| Jean-Francois Champollion |
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Definition
-knew coptic would be key to hieroglyphics
-built on Kircher, Young's work
-deciphered hieroglyphics
-you BETTER know who champollion is |
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| -symbols, letters, consonants but no separate characters for vowels |
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-mix of syllabary and alphabet
-individual characters represent consonants and symbols modify |
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| -letters can represent consonant or vowel explicitly |
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-1700-1400 BC
-similarities to hieratic but applied semitic values
-Proto sinaitic -> proto canaanite -> phoenician -> greek |
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| -drew picture to represent word then take pic to represent initial sound of that word |
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-2000 BC
-older than proto sinaitic
-match hieratic graffiti?
-not sure if alphabet |
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-still undeciphered
-too many characters to be alphabet
-ten inscriptions found
-18th to 14th century BC |
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-1700-1400 BC
-one true cuneiform alphabet
-important for Old Testament scholars |
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-1400-1050 BC
-first descendant of proto-sinaitic
-led to phoenician |
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-proto-canaanite
-originated 1050 BC
-classified as abjad, records only consonant sounds
-led to Greek (modified script to represent vowel phonemes as well) |
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-spoke in Carthage
-later stage of Phoenician
-difficult to interpret, hard to read
-took consonant symbols for w and y and equaled long vowels of u and i |
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Term
| mater lectionis (plural, matres lectionis) |
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Definition
| -mother of reading (refers to the use of certain consonants to indicate a vowel) |
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-from phoenician
-It is the first and oldest alphabet in the sense that, as a writing system, it uses a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant
-not related to linear b or cypriot
-emerged after fall of mycenaean civilization
-an oil based salad dressing |
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| -ancestral to English alphabet |
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-northern italians
-encountered western greeks
-adopted alphabet 8th cent BC
-only had p,t,k (no d,b,g)
-Latin superseded etruscan completely |
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-descendent of phoenician
-900 BC
-Paleo Hebrew
-overtaken by square hebrew in 5th century BC |
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-jews put in captivity in Babylonia
-new script based on Aramaic which became new square hebrew, which modified into modern hebrew script |
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-spoke aramaic
-spreading eastward off coast from phonecians
-800 BC spread with capture of Syria then captured by Persia |
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| -spread with Syrian and Persian empires |
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-nothern region of arabian peninsula
-looks hebrew, derived from aramaic alphabet
-descendent is katia |
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-800 AD
-oldest known slavic alphabet
-created to translate bible to slavic
-phoenician -> greek -> glagolitic -> early cyrillic -> cyrillic
-developed by St. Cyril and St Methodius |
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-russian alphabet
-phoenician -> greek -> glagolitic -> early cyrillic -> cyrillic |
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-angular
-look like our letters
-either from scandinavian or maybe from germanic
-originally for religious purpose |
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-5th century BC
-ancient India
- proto canaanite -> phoenician -> aramaic -> brahmi |
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-horizontal line
-left to right
-used for sanskrit
- proto canaanite -> pheonician -> aramaic -> brahmi -> gupta -> nagari |
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-where brush touches down
-used by romans (liked the look) |
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-basis for capital letters
-Roman
-used for inscriptions |
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-vertically thin
-horizontally thick
-curvier
-opposite nowadays |
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-start to see capital/lower case letters
-don't lift brush
-pretty much one size |
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| minuscule ("half-uncial") |
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Definition
-bigger height differences
-lowercase letters
-a really small school
-b is twice the height of a
-developed from Old Roman cursive
-3rd to 8th centuries AD |
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-800-1200
-developed into blackletter
-used in Charlemagne's empire, educational material
-developed by Alcuin who was put in charge by Charlemagne |
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-Roman emperor
-could hardly read/write
-wanted a literate society
-appointed Alcuin the monk to make society literate |
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-ireland national treasure
-contains four gospels of new testament in latin |
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-1150-1946
-developed from carolingian minuscule
-hard to understand why people wear all black and chains |
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| Poetry that is composed and transmitted orally (not through writing) partially memorized partially improvised (partially recomposed) Consists largerly but not entirely of formulae |
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piece of prefab poetry, (closest example is improvised rap music, composed in real time, with correct meter, beat, and rhyme scheme (not much preparation)) If you got little pieces of poetry you can fit into different spots that conviently fits into spot when you need. That’s how this poetry works (prefab poetry is stock description of things, not a whole lot of semantic context to them)
EX. Swift footed Achilles, Godlike Achilles (differ in what case of the prefab) |
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early 20th century, degree work in France, dissertation- the discovery of the fact that Homeric epics are Oral formulaic poetry
o Went to Serbia and listen to traditional Serbian bards, sang heroic epics (illiterate), aided by fact that recording devices had been invented
o Made 1,000 hours of recording
o Realized even though Bard thought he was repeating the same exact thing twice, in reality he was unconsciously composing with new formula??
o Realized that Homeric stuff looked astethicly exactly the same
o Revolutionary!!!! Study of Homer has not been the same since |
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| Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. It predated the Greek alphabet by several centuries and seems to have died out with the fall of Mycenaean civilization. Most of the tablets inscribed in Linear B were found in Knossos, Cydonia,[1] Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae.[2] The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, provides no evidence of the use of writing. Syllabary, similar to cypriot |
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| It is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B, a script invented on Crete before the 14th century BC. Most instances of these inscriptions are on clay tablets found in Knossos in central Crete, and in Pylos in the southwest of the Peloponnese. The language is named after Mycenae, the first of the palaces to be excavated. Pre-dark ages. |
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-To receive a handjob from a girl wearing rings.
"Ow damn, I got a sander from Sarah yesterday, that shit hurt like hell" |
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