Term
|
Definition
Socially organized inequality
pattern of unequal distribution of social rewards/resources
it comes from wealth, prestige, leisure time, and titles
Stratification is necessary
-no society is classless
-a society without stratification will fall apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functionalist theory of social order
-The point of society is sustaining the status quo over time, but if you need all jobs you don’t NEED inequality
-Institutions of society are coordinated with each other so that you know what you’re supposed to do, are motivated to do it and that everyone is so distributed that all positions are filled (creating the division of labor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Davis and Moore: inequality is good and necessary because it perpetuates society
-it sets order for the society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how people are sorted into these occupations
-Some jobs more important than others, some play bigger functional role and are more specialized, but ALL jobs are necessary (tautological) and all roles have to be filled by qualified people but workers are easily replaceable
-People need to be motivated for those jobs by pay, leisure, and other rewards
-Talents are undiscovered partially because of inheritance, ex. Tradition of family doctors
-Companies end up overpromising rewards in order to get people interested and discover their talents, but also takes people’s perseverance
-Entrinsic benefits: get benefits by doing the job just because you like to do it, no need to pay well so benefits the company as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those who acquire a good advantage/get a good position in the division of labor try to control who else can reach that position
restrict the flow of newcomers to protect their power/rewards
TURNS CLASS → STATUS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no mobility in a society
-Ascribed by birth and thus not responsible for where you are in society
-Inherited job or socially important qualities (ex. Race) from parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you can do things to achieve a social position |
|
|
Term
| Ascription vs. Achievement |
|
Definition
-Every society is a MIX of the two
-Less mobility now than there used to be in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upward mobility where the elites pick/sponsor candidates for advancement (ex. Schooling system for Great Britain, tests determine which public school you go to) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upward mobility as an open contest among candidates, the elites don’t pick who win and don’t play favorites – an unbiased system
system of social mobility in which all individuals are seen as participants in a race where elite status is the end goal and the contest is an open one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumin's point is a direct critique of Davis and Moore's article
-a weberian critique
1. functionalism is tautological
-stratification exists just because it does
-made an unjustified leap from the fact that it has always existed to that it is necessary
-perpetuate the status quo
for the status quo to be presented, everything needs to be preserved
-functionalism is a theory
-if the goal is to preserve what already exists then nothing can change
2. dysfunctional over time
-ignores fact about how societies work
-societies aren't very good at finding talents
-unequal access to resources
-differentials are inherited over time
-inheritance prevents discovery of talents |
|
|
Term
| how does inequality work? |
|
Definition
a. gives people motiation for jobs, money, leisure and prestige
b. some jobs are more specialized/important for the division of labor- have to motivate people to fill the more important jobs
c. talents are unequally distributed
society provides education to give people the training to do the job and then you have the inner talents that need to be brought out
-THIS SYSTEM OPERATES THROUGH SOME EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURE OF WHETHER YOU HAVE TALENT OR NOT. ASSUMING THAT EVERYONE COMES FROM THE SAME PLACE ECONOMICALLY.
-education is a weeding out process
-lower paying jobs are easier to fill than specialized jobs |
|
|
Term
Tumin cont.
(response to Davis and Moore) |
|
Definition
2b. **Social Closure** and Power
-social groups- doctors, lawyers etc.
-any group with advantageous power will try to limit access and keep it for themselves
-control who can be admitted
-endogamy- marry within group so the resources don't get diluted
3. self-serving account
-rhetoric of "sacrifice"
-"i worked hard so i deserve to be here"
-sacrifice in jobs is nothing more than ideology-attempt by the powerful to justify where they are
4. other motivators
-patriotism, altruism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less mobility now than there used to be
Less mobility in the USA than in socialist countries
As you move towards a more ascriptive society then the children will be where their parents are: poor or rich
*Cycle of poverty-if your parents are poor than you are likely to be poor also
Inheritance is a tool that families use to help create ascriptive trends
In the U.S. we believe education is the equalizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition from feudalism to capitalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ECONOMY**
-class system with 2 extreme classes, CAPITALISM
-Feudalism (everyone owned their own tools) → capitalism (factories, now people must take orders so are of a lower class)
-Capitalism simplifies the class system to just the B. and the P.
-Oppressor (*bourgeoisie:owners) vs. oppressed (*proletariat: laborers who live only so long as they can find work), bourgeoisie became dominant through industrialization
-Predicts the middle class will disappear but this hasn’t happened
-*Exploitation: brutal result of free trade, workers don’t get paid the value of what they make |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-modes of production
-macro-scale economic structures
capitalism may differ in each country
feudalism lasted a couple thousand years during Marx's time
Transitions from one mode to another wasn't pretty
Conflict between economic groups are what makes this country go |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relatioship to the means of production:tools,machines, factories
Each class has a different relationship to property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Means of production is distributed unequally
Classes conflict over property
*proletariat-labor, workers
*bourgeoise-factories, tools, machine workers
*exploitation- workers don't get paid the full value of the work they do |
|
|
Term
| Class Conflict-Marx *In-Itself |
|
Definition
Share objective opinion but unconscious about it Marx wants a workers revolution Do not think they are a group |
|
|
Term
Class Conflict-Marx
*For-Itself |
|
Definition
Individuals within the class unite to pursue their shared interests**
Class consciousness
Take action collectively
Trade Association
If they are not conscious they cannot work as a class
Do things for the group's interest collectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcoholics, criminals etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Owners who don't have many workers
Marx believes that these people are disappearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Landlords and bond holders
Own stuff but don't engage in labor
**royalty** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protestant ethic – legal orders and how hard you work determine distribution of power
Not just the economy
**Class,Status and Party
-all independent from each other
-all distribute power unequally
-all about groups not individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to get others to do what you want even if they don't want to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resources you bring into a market-your market position
(class isn't your income)
Any group that shares a market position
can be in more than one class
ex:slaves aren't a class
No markets=no classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
labor, property, capital
class position is what you have to offer in those markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural power, consumption patterns, "style of life", honor, prestige, respect, deference/dignity
people with status embody the societies' goals
High status=best embody society's values
Status is ALWAYS hierarchical
-not about individuals but about GROUPS
-status groups are ALWAYS for themselves to protect their prestige, honor, style of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consumption, monopoly of certain activities, rules about socializing
-religious groups are status groups
-rules of socializing:mr,mrs etc
who you can and cannot eat with, marry etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempt to consolidate social position To create new status position and then protect this position Status ranking will contradict class ranking Race, ethnicity and religion are ALL status groups All multiethnic societies WILL be unequal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Party=Political power
control over administration and bureaucracy |
|
|
Term
Funtionalist Theory (Layer Cake) |
|
Definition
Class as rewards/income many classes, not strongly opposed easy mobility SES*(socioeconomic status)- combo of educational level, income and occupation fuzzy boundaries between classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Few classes, strongly opposed to each other Low mobility (some go down, very little go up) Class:relation to means of production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class:resources in economic markets Many classes:opposed to each other Class isn't the only kind of inequality (status/party) Social Closure:attempt to turn class into status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No middle class the double diamond represents security Top diamond is the SECURE Top/secure is the privileged. The bottom diamond is INSECURE Bottom/insecure is the working class the more stable your income is, the more security you have in the US the top diamond is appx 20% of the population and the bottom is 80% of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Social theory and how it is relevant to his study *Appalacia in 1960: high poverty, low health, high rates of illiteracy Small towns and rural-coal mining, not agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Power is the ability to win public, free debates over policies/issues Ex: presidential candidates To pursuade more people that you are right America's self-understanding Assumptions: access to politics is free/open, people know their own interests |
|
|
Term
Second Dimension (Gaventa) |
|
Definition
Power is the ability to make sure certain issues never get debated The ability to shut debate down To keep issues off the agenda Ex: the smokey back room; conspiracy theories; corruption, dirty tricks, keeping things off the radar Assumtion: access/participation is blocked People know what their interests are but can't get a hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Power is the ability to shape what people think their interests are Being taught to want things that aren't in your own interests *Hegemony* Between Consent and Manipulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Power is a brute force Cultural and moral leadership exercised by the ruling class They set the tone: things we should want/set themselves up as the protectors They also set terms of debate Convinces us that the higher people are smarter and more powerful System of inequality but the people at the bottom deserve to be there This is accepted by everyone, even the poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People who run most important institutions Ex: politics, military, corporations (weber's theory of party) It is achieved Have csns People who run these institutions circulate and don't stay still Mills wants to transform the elite theory from an achieved status to an ascribed status by making new status groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Taste, judgement, lifestyle, choice The idea of classy vs. trashy Your choices about how you want to spend your time Not innocent; no one just likes anything Works by transforming necessity into virtue Turns what you need into what you want Tool the privileged people use to get further in their class matter of choice not constraint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Un-reflective exercise in taste habits, dispositions, attitudes, slang, body language All becomes 2nd nature to you Automatic How you internalize cultural capital How life becomes stylized Taste* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marxist Class Matters Status can be explained by your class "Chicken comes before the egg" Writing about France Hierarchical Educational system is different because school system is hierarchical in France Reductionist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simplification: explaining one variable away by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental one Bordieu reduces class to status Analytical argumentative strategy to simplify the data that you’re dealing with
Explains one variable by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental one
Ex. CLASS reductionist theories of RACE: race invented by employers to divide workers
F&M students all enjoy these different issues → these students enjoy these issues because of the amount of money they have (reductionist – no longer about the interests) Strategy not a theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aligns social structure or social conflicts with definitions of the body Social capital aligns inequality with definitions of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aligns culture with descent but usually not with "essential" biological features connects culture with a descent group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ascriptive, herditary system of stratification most extreme ascriptive socieity ex: caste system in india classes that are hereditary and ASCRIPTIVE system of STRATIFICATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Orthodox/vulgar marxist employers invented race to divide workers race is a tool of the employers bourgoise-promoting racial inequality |
|
|
Term
Split Labor Market (Myrdal/Bonacich) |
|
Definition
Privileged workers invented race in order to protect their priviledges Forced employers to accept it Aparthied-separateness -Illegal for black person to supervise a white person in the work place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Big, long lasting social structure of race relations Connects beliefs about race with racial practices *beliefs justify practices take formations and see if they can compare to other times and other places |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slavery, hard caste lines, relatively little conflict, paternalism, Christianity (religious theory of race), rural/agricultural |
|
|
Term
| Industrial era of racial dictatorship |
|
Definition
Immigration Era Big cities, big factories, immigrant working class Racialized class structure where black people get pushed to the bottom Black people are biologically inferior IQ test was invented to rank races and identify mental defectives Forced sterilizations Ideology of scientific racism Ideology and practice of white supremacy ex:Split labor market |
|
|
Term
Jim Crow Segregation (southern) |
|
Definition
Regulated relationships between black and whites separate hospitals etc laws against blacks not only residential segregation (more northern system) daily communication between blacks and whites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative stereotypes based on location |
|
|
