Term
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Definition
| use of volunteer, self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals |
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Definition
| peacekeeping system in early England in which a group of 10 local families agreed to maintain the peace and make sure lawbreakers were taken into custody and brought to court |
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Definition
| system in which particular men were assigned the job of watchman and became responsible for patrolling the streets, lighting lanterns, serving as a lookout for fires, and generally keeping order |
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Definition
| philosophy of policing that emphasizes crime prevention and focuses on developing positive relations between the police and the public |
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Term
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Definition
| police department employees entrusted with arrest powers; usually referred to as "peace officers" |
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Definition
| the lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographic region due to the existence of many small departments |
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Definition
| police view of themselves as a "band of brothers" or sisters against everyone else in society |
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Definition
| method of learning that emphasizes engaging the learner by incorporating the learner's experiences in the curriculum |
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Term
| simulation-based training |
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Definition
| use of computers, media players, interactive screens, and authentic-looking replicas of police firearms and vehicles to simulate field conditions |
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Term
| police occupational subculture |
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Definition
| norms and beliefs embraced by most officers in a given country |
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Term
| police organizational subculture |
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Definition
| norms and beliefs particular to an individual department |
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Definition
| adherence to a code of conduct that places loyalty to fellow officers above all other values |
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Definition
| authority to act in a manner that officers judge most appropriate for a given situation |
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Definition
| police contact with an individual initiated because of because of the person's skin color or ethnicity |
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Definition
| police disregard for policies, rules, or laws in the performance of their duty |
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Definition
| justification for wrongdoing committed by an officer based on the premise that the end justifies means |
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Definition
| misuse of authority for personal gain, such as skimming seized narcotics monies |
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Definition
| data-driven programs that identify police whose behavior suggests misconduct |
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Term
| targeted integrity testing |
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Definition
| strategy of using controlled opportunities to test for unlawful or unethical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of government programs and functions to the private sector |
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Term
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Definition
| any individual, organization, or service-other than public law enforcement and regulatory agencies- engaged primarily in the prevention and investigation of crime, loss, or harm to specific individuals, organizations, or facilties |
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Definition
| peace-keeping activities including enforcement of quality of life laws such as no loitering |
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Term
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Definition
| the police agency's application of the criminal code to specific situations |
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Definition
| non-law enforcement activities performed by officers on an as-needed basis |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of assigning an officer to random patrol of a neighborhood to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes |
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Term
| problem-oriented policing |
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Definition
| a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's problems to discover the underlying dynamics of crime |
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Term
| community-oriented policing |
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Definition
| a policing strategy that depends on getting community members to address the problems that plague their neighborhoods |
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Term
| police-community reciprocity |
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Definition
| a policing practice that relies on collaboration between police and community members to solve and prevent crime |
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Term
| decentralization of command |
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Definition
| the fanning out of substations in various areas so the police maintain a physical presence throughout the city |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of community policing that leads to increased interactions between the police and community members to improve relationships |
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Term
| aggressive order maintenance |
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Definition
| policing activities that address noncriminal or minor offenses that affect residents' quality of life |
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Term
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Definition
| theory proposing that disorder leads to crime because criminals assume a neighborhood that tolerates disorder will also ignore criminal acts |
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Term
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Definition
| the principal activities performed by law enforcement officers, including patrol, follow-up investigation, and traffic operations |
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Term
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Definition
| additional policing activities that support line activities, such as communications, custody, and forensics |
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Term
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Definition
| the likelihood that a crime will be solved |
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Term
| communications interoperability |
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Definition
| the ability of police andn other public safety agencies from different jurisditions to talk and share data |
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Definition
| the incarceration of persons either accused or convicted of a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of scientific knowledge and methods to criminal and civil investigations and legal procedures, including criminal trials |
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Term
| forensic science laboratories |
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Definition
| facilities using scientific or technical methods to process and analyze evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of scientific techniques to recognizing, identifying, individualizing, and evaluating physical evidence in legal proceedings |
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Term
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Definition
| the line of authority that extends throughout a police organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the requirement that each individual within an organization reports directly to a single individual higher in the chain of command |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent of an indiviuals authority or the number of individuals that one person is responsible for overseeing |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used by police to pinpoint the locations and times of crime |
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Term
| geographic information systems (GIS) |
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Definition
| a technology that uses a computerized mapping system to produce descriptions of crime occurrence and analyzes the relationships between variables such as location and time |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of concentrated crime or higher risk of victimization |
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Term
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Definition
| a computerized statistical program that integrates information from crime maps across the city for department leaders' review |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of processes designed to analyze information pertinent to crimes and develop correlations useful in crime prevention, resource deployment, investigations, and suspect apprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or other person that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult 60 years of age or older |
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Term
| adult protective services (APS) |
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Definition
| services provided to older people and dependent adults who are in danger of being mistreated or neglected, are unable to protect themselves, and have no one to assist them |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal document, based on probable cause, permitting police to conduct a search or seizure, or to arrest someone |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of evidence necessary to obtain a warrant or conduct most searches and seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| police action allowing the police, with reasonable suspicion, to briefly detain a person, question him about his activities, require him to show identification, and frisk him, or pat him down for weapons; also known as a Terry stop |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for stop-and-frisk, in which the police, with reasonable suspicion, briefly detain a person, question him about his activities, require him to show identification, and frisk him, or pat him down for weapons |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of evidence necessary for officers to conduct a stop-and-frisk, or Terry stop |
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Term
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Definition
| an exception to the warrant requirement holding that police do not need warrants to search automobiles, just probable cause |
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Term
| search incident to arrest |
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Definition
| a warrantless search of a person and the area around that person, conducted shortly after the person is arrested |
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Term
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Definition
| illegally obtained evidence cannot be used against a criminal defendant at a trial |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension to the exclusionary rule holding that evidence derived from something that is illegally searched or seized is itself inadmisable; also known as the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine |
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Term
| fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine |
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Definition
| another name for the derivative evidence rule, which excludes evidence derived from an illegal search or seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally obtained evidence to be used if officers relied in good faith on an invalid warrant |
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Term
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Definition
| exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally obtained evidence to ab admissible if it would inevitably have been discovered through legal means |
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Term
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Definition
| exception to the exclusionary rule permitting the use of evidence discovered independent of any improper search or seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| an exception to the exclusionary rule permitting the use of evidence discovered independent of any improper search or seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal ability to assert a particular consitutional claim |
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Term
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Definition
| rule that confessions are inadmissable unless made willingly |
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Definition
| notifications that police must give suspects about their rights prior to beginning custodial interrogation |
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Term
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Definition
| words or statements made by a person |
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Term
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Definition
| exception to Miranda requiring police to interrogate suspects wihtout first warning them of their rights if there is a significant threat to public safety |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of officers to be sued for their actions under certain circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| guideline depicting the appropriate amount of force a law enforcement officer may use in particular kinds of situations |
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Term
| intimate partner violence |
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Definition
| an assault on a person with whom the attacker is intimately involved |
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Term
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Definition
| requires officers to make an arrest when there is evidence of an assault |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrest of both parties in a physical altercation instead of identifying and arresting only the primary aggressor |
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Term
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Definition
| police are often referred to as this b/c they are necessary for oder and security; refers to the colors of their uniforms; line between chaos/order |
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Definition
| a sentencing goal focused on punishing the convicted for the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentencing goal in a criminal case; money a defendant must pay a victim to compensate for damages |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentencing goal focused on aiding offenders in changing their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentencing goal focused on convincing the offender or others not to commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the law of retaliation "an eye for an eye" |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentencing goal that aims to make it impossible for the offender to commit a future crime because he is imprisoned |
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Term
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Definition
| established by Alfred the Great in the middle ages; focus was on everyone in the community. an organized system of community self-responsibility in which people pledge to help protect their neighbors. Communities are divided into ten-family groups called tithings. Every ten tithings, or 100 families, is called a hundred. Each tithing is responsible for maintaining peace within its own boundaries. If a member of the community witnesses a crime, he must raise a hue and cry, then round up his neighbors to pursue the criminal. If a tithing fails to apprehend the supposed lawbreaker, all members are subject to fines by the Crown. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 10 families who were united in a given area; gave a mutual pledge for maintaining the peace in that area |
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Term
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Definition
| used in mutual pledge system; when a crime was committed, this was let out and the other people in the tithing would help out the victim |
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Definition
| disputes between different families |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a whole collection of hunders, equivalent to a county in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| 100 families will share in this responsibility; constables were in charge of weapons/equipment. they were the first people in uniforms |
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Term
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Definition
| consisted of able-bodied men (posse comitatus) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| groups of citizens that are organized to provide protection for the community |
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| examples of citizen participation in law enforcement |
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Definition
| bounty hunters, posses, vigilantes, constables |
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Term
| statute of winchester (1285) |
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Definition
| very important piece of legislature in england; became known as the watch and ward system. these two systems existed and worked until the 1700's. A dutch chemist invented gin; in 1725 in london, there were over 7000 gin shops. it ws cheap and caused problems in the streets so the govt decreased the number of shops and increased the violations for gin ships. crime broke out against govt officials and monuments so the public wanted something to stop the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| known today as baliffs. an attempt at a more effective policing system, which started in 1233 with a specific incident and became firmly established. After disturbances, Henry III ordered all vills (townships) to arrange guards at night and apprehend suspicious persons. |
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Definition
| established the Bow Street Runners; they were a highly mobile law enforcement group; were effective until he died |
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Term
| Metropolitan Police Acts (1829) |
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Definition
| first true plice force in the world; they were created by Sir Robert Peel. The officers were known as "peelers" and "bobbies" |
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Term
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Definition
| principle of policing advocated by Peel. This focused on preventive patrol; officers maintained a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a varity of street-level crimes (proactive and reactive) Each officer was assigned an area to maintain order, which was called a beat. |
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Term
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Definition
| house in front of scotland yard where the police force held their original headquarters. now police quarters are at New Scotland yard |
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Definition
| created in the south to keep slaves from rebelling/running away |
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Definition
| most police operations of this time were corrup and involved in graft (illegal payments). the used their power to increase their power through patronange (some form of favortism) |
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Term
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Definition
| some form of favoritism; nepotism is the most extreme and a specific form of this |
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Term
| progressive era (1900-1920) |
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Definition
| time of reform; tried to become more professional. introduced greater emphasis on education/higher standards, technology was introduced (radio, police cars) etc |
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Term
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Definition
| police depts. were developing separate units to deal wtih several types of crime |
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Term
| different types of law enforcement agencies |
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Definition
| interpol, US marshals, FBI, Homeland Security, secret service, DEA, capitol police, federal bureau of prisons, us postal inspection service |
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Term
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Definition
| means "together with"- sheriffs can assist in arrests, etc within cities and in counties |
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Term
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Definition
| in charge of all county buildings including jails; serve civil process- subpeonas, summons; they are the chief law enforcement officers |
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Term
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Definition
| born in New Orleans; made his reputation in Berkley, California. he was a leading innovator in law enforcement; established the first degree-program in law enforcement. Established the equivalent of State FBI. created modus operandi- modes of operation. He was part of the Wickersham (police corruption) |
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Term
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Definition
| modes of operation; created by August Vollmer |
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Term
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Definition
1. crime fighter- interested in felony crimes
2. social agent- primarily problem solvers
3. law enforcer- doesnt distinguish between felonies;misdemeanors but focuses on all crimes
4. watchman- ignore a lot of infractions; more concerned w/ keeping things cool in communities. more common in rural areas |
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Definition
| how long it takes someone to notify police |
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Definition
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Definition
| how long it takes officer to get to scene |
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Definition
| someone not involved in the crime that reports the crime |
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Definition
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Definition
| decoys on vice squads, undercover agents, electronic surveillance. mostly means community involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| emergency circumstances which are time-sensitive and cannot wait for a warrant |
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Term
| Locard's exchange principle |
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Definition
| "bring something, leave something" - it is an evidentiary exchange. ex: breaking a place through a window and leaving behind a pant thread and getting a piece of glass stuck in leg (unintentional) |
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Term
| avatars (police technology) |
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Definition
| simulated, life-like humans that are used in police depts. for training; tests to see how officers react to certain situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Breath-Alcohol Testing System- a mobile testing facility (like a UPS truck) that has all the equipment to do breathalyzers on the spot |
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Term
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Definition
1. officer presence: physical appearance/professional bearing
2. verbal commands: clear and deliberate
3. soft techniques: OC, wristlocks, etc
4. hard techniques: strikes/takedowns
5. deadly force: firearms/strike to vital areas |
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Term
Tennessee v. Garner
2. graham v. conner |
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Definition
case that brought about a change in the use of deadly force
2. brought about more in-depth reasons that make the use of deadly force accpetable |
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Term
| things that aid in keeping officers sage |
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Definition
| bullet proof vests, in depth training, more safety features in patrol cars |
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Term
| negatives in law enforcement |
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Definition
police brutality- using unnecessary force
police corruption- misuse of authority for personal gain |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of community policing that increases the number of community residents active in the profession of policing by assigning to civilians tasks previously performed by sworn officers |
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