Term
| What are the two types of realities? |
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Definition
| experimental and agreement reality |
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Term
| Explain experimental reality and how much of reality is based on this? |
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Definition
| the things we know from direct experience. almost all |
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Term
| Explain agreement reality |
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Definition
| things we consider real because we have been told they are real and everyone agrees |
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Term
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Definition
| where knowledge is produced based on experience or observation |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of finding out |
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Term
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Definition
| things that "everybody knows" |
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Term
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Definition
| trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise |
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Term
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Definition
| the defined actions and situations of individuals |
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Term
| define attributes with example |
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Definition
| characteristics or qualities that describe some object such as a person. white, female |
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Term
| define variables with examples |
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Definition
| logical grouping of attributes. race, gender |
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Term
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Definition
a person’s attributes on one variable are expected to cause or encourage a particular attribute on another variable |
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Term
| define an independent variable |
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Definition
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Term
| explain ideographic explanation |
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Definition
| when we attempt to explain single situation exhaustively – very very specific – looking at one element to get to a conclusive ending |
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Term
| explain nomothetic explanation |
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Definition
| seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one |
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Term
| explain deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| moves from general to the specific. ideographic. examples: interviewing people, surveying people, |
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Term
| explain inductive reasoning |
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Definition
| move from specific to the general. nomothetic. observe and describe to get a general conclusion. |
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Term
| explain qualitative data. what type of explanation and reasoning is attached? |
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Definition
| non-numerical, greater richness of meaning, extremely descriptive. inductive reasoning and nomothetic explanation |
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Term
| explain quantitative data. what explanation and reasoning is attached? |
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Definition
| numerical, carries a focusing of attention and specification of meaning. deductive reasoning and idiographic explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| systemmatic explanation for observed facts and laws that describe and predict. |
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Term
| What are the three elements of a theory? |
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Definition
- Concept
- Variable
- statement
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Term
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Definition
| very abstract and are ideas that represent some phenomenom within the field of your study |
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Term
| What are the three types of statements? |
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Definition
- Principles
- axioms
- propositions
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Term
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Definition
| something grounded and known to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| something taken to be true or an assumption about reality, really hasnt been tested |
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Term
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Definition
| going to affirm or deny that something is true or false |
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Term
| give an example of a subjective and objective statement |
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Definition
- Subjective - the death penalty is wrong
- objective - the death penalty is used for murders
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Term
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Definition
| specified expectation about imperical reality derived from propositions |
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Term
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Definition
| world view to help us organize our thoughts; its will tell you where and how to look for problems; guide research |
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Term
| which is more logical? hypothesis or paradigm |
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Definition
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Term
| define operationalization |
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Definition
| specific steps, procedures, or operation for actually identifying and measuring the variable observed |
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Term
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Definition
| the final step to look at things the way they are |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct observation of events in progress |
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Term
| what is a longitudinal studie? what are the three? |
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Definition
| designed to permit observations over an extended period of time. Trend studies, Cohort studies, Panel Studies. |
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Term
| Trend studies would use what type of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do Cohort studies do? |
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Definition
| follow a group of people through time |
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Term
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Definition
| interview at one time and then bring them back at a later date to interview again |
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Term
| What are the four type of validity threats? |
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Definition
- Statistical conclusion validity
- Internal validity
- Construct validity
- External validity
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Term
| Explain the statistical conclusion validity threat |
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Definition
| it is basing conclusions on a small sample group. conclusions based on randomness |
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Term
| explain the Internal Validity threat |
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Definition
| problems arise when the relationship between two variables is effected by one or more other variables |
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Term
| What question is important in External validity |
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Definition
| can research findings from one study be reproduced in another study under different conditions? |
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Term
| Construct validity refers to what? |
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Definition
| generalizing and oversimplefication |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether statements about cause or measurements are correct or false |
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Term
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Definition
| possible sources of false conclusions about cause or measurements |
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Term
| define cross-sectional studies |
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Definition
| data collection at a single time point |
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Term
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Definition
| asking people to recall their past |
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Term
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Definition
| following subjects fowards in time |
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Term
| What are the six errors in personal human inquiry? |
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Definition
- Inaccurate observation
- Overgeneralization - false assumptions
- Selective observation - only researching things that we think will meet our conclusion
- Illogical reasoning - drawing conclusions with no emperical validity
- Ideology and politics - how we see the world
- human error
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Term
| What are the three parts of the Traditional Model of Science |
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Definition
- Theory
- Operationalization
- Observation
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Term
| What are the two systems of logic for hypothesis testing? |
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Definition
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Term
| between inductive and deductive logic which is specific and general |
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Definition
| deductive = specific. Inductive = general |
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Term
| give an example of deductive logic/specific observation |
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Definition
| all dogs are animals; pride is a dog, therefore, pride is an animal |
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Term
| give an example of inductive logic/general observations |
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Definition
| Pride the dog is an animal. other dogs i observe share the same features of pride, therefore, all dogs are animals |
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Term
| how do theory, research, and policy work together? |
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Definition
| theory is used to guide basic research, which in turn is consulted to develop policy |
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Term
| What are the two types of explanations for criteria of causality? |
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Definition
| Ideographic and nomothetic |
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Term
| what is the criteria of causality under the ideographic explanation? |
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Definition
- How credible and believeable is it?
- whether alternative explanations were considered and found wanting
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Term
| What is the criteria for causality under the nomothetic explanation? |
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Definition
- two variables must be emperically correlated
- the cause is coming before the effect
- the emperical correlation between the cause and effect is not due to some other/extraneous factor
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Term
| What is a necessary condition cause? |
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Definition
| a condition that must be present for the effect to follow |
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Term
| What is a sufficient condition cause? |
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Definition
| a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question |
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Term
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Definition
| the things, what or whom, being studies in a research project |
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Term
| What are the four type of Units of Analysis? |
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Definition
- Individuals
- groups
- organizations
- social artifacts
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