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CJ 302
Research Methods
61
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 3
06/03/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the two types of realities?
Definition
experimental and agreement reality
Term
Explain experimental reality and how much of reality is based on this?
Definition
the things we know from direct experience. almost all
Term
Explain agreement reality
Definition
things we consider real because we have been told they are real and everyone agrees
Term
define emperical
Definition
where knowledge is produced based on experience or observation
Term
define methodology
Definition
The science of finding out
Term
define tradition
Definition
things that "everybody knows"
Term
define authority
Definition
trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise
Term
define aggregates
Definition
the defined actions and situations of individuals
Term
define attributes with example
Definition
characteristics or qualities that describe some object such as a person. white, female
Term
define variables with examples
Definition
logical grouping of attributes. race, gender
Term
define causation
Definition

a person’s attributes on one variable are expected to cause or encourage a particular attribute on another variable

Term
define an independent variable
Definition
“cause” or  “influencer”
Term
explain ideographic explanation
Definition
when we attempt to explain  single situation exhaustively – very very specific – looking at one element to get to a conclusive ending
Term
explain nomothetic explanation
Definition
seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one 
Term
explain deductive reasoning
Definition
moves from general to the specific. ideographic. examples: interviewing people, surveying people,
Term
explain inductive reasoning
Definition
move from specific to the general. nomothetic. observe and describe to get a general conclusion.
Term
explain qualitative data. what type of explanation and reasoning is attached?
Definition
non-numerical, greater richness of meaning, extremely descriptive. inductive reasoning and nomothetic explanation
Term
explain quantitative data. what explanation and reasoning is attached?
Definition
numerical, carries a focusing of attention and specification of meaning. deductive reasoning and idiographic explanation 
Term
define theory
Definition
systemmatic explanation for observed facts and laws that describe and predict.
Term
What are the three elements of a theory?
Definition
  1. Concept
  2. Variable
  3. statement
Term
define concept
Definition
very abstract and are ideas that represent some phenomenom within the field of your study
Term
What are the three types of statements?
Definition
  1. Principles
  2. axioms
  3. propositions
Term
define principles
Definition
something grounded and known to be true
Term
define axiom
Definition
something taken to be true or an assumption about reality, really hasnt been tested
Term
define proposition
Definition
going to affirm or deny that something is true or false
Term
give an example of a subjective and objective statement
Definition
  • Subjective - the death penalty is wrong
  • objective - the death penalty is used for murders
Term
define hypothesis
Definition
specified expectation about imperical reality derived from propositions
Term
define paradigm
Definition
world view to help us organize our thoughts; its will tell you where and how to look for problems; guide research
Term
which is more logical? hypothesis or paradigm
Definition
hypothesis
Term
define operationalization
Definition
specific steps, procedures, or operation for actually identifying and measuring the variable observed
Term
define observation
Definition
the final step to look at things the way they are
Term
define field research
Definition
the direct observation of events in progress
Term
what is a longitudinal studie? what are the three?
Definition
designed to permit observations over an extended period of time. Trend studies, Cohort studies, Panel Studies.
Term
Trend studies would use what type of data?
Definition
UCR data
Term
what do Cohort studies do?
Definition
follow a group of people through time
Term
explain Panel Studies
Definition
interview at one time and then bring them back at a later date to interview again
Term
What are the four type of validity threats?
Definition
  1. Statistical conclusion validity
  2. Internal validity
  3. Construct validity
  4. External validity
Term
Explain the statistical conclusion validity threat
Definition
it is basing conclusions on a small sample group. conclusions based on randomness
Term
explain the Internal Validity threat
Definition
problems arise when the relationship between two variables is effected by one or more other variables
Term
What question is important in External validity
Definition
can research findings from one study be reproduced in another study under different conditions?
Term
Construct validity refers to what?
Definition
generalizing and oversimplefication
Term
define validity
Definition
Whether statements about cause or measurements are correct or false
Term
define validity threats
Definition
possible sources of false conclusions about cause or measurements
Term
define cross-sectional studies
Definition
data collection at a single time point
Term
define retrospective
Definition
asking people to recall their past
Term
define prospective
Definition
following subjects fowards in time
Term
What are the six errors in personal human inquiry?
Definition
  1. Inaccurate observation
  2. Overgeneralization - false assumptions
  3. Selective observation - only researching things that we think will meet our conclusion
  4. Illogical reasoning - drawing conclusions with no emperical validity
  5. Ideology and politics - how we see the world
  6. human error
Term
What are the three parts of the Traditional Model of Science
Definition
  1. Theory
  2. Operationalization
  3. Observation 
Term
What are the two systems of logic for hypothesis testing?
Definition
Inductive and deductive
Term
between inductive and deductive logic which is specific and general
Definition
deductive = specific. Inductive = general
Term
give an example of deductive logic/specific observation
Definition
all dogs are animals; pride is a dog, therefore, pride is an animal
Term
give an example of inductive logic/general observations
Definition
Pride the dog is an animal. other dogs i observe share the same features of pride, therefore, all dogs are animals
Term
how do theory, research, and policy work together?
Definition
theory is used to guide basic research, which in turn is consulted to develop policy
Term
What are the two types of explanations for criteria of causality?
Definition
Ideographic and nomothetic
Term
what is the criteria of causality under the ideographic explanation?
Definition
  1. How credible and believeable is it?
  2. whether alternative explanations were considered and found wanting
Term
What is the criteria for causality under the nomothetic explanation?
Definition
  1. two variables must be emperically correlated
  2. the cause is coming before the effect 
  3. the emperical correlation between the cause and effect is not due to some other/extraneous factor
Term
What is a necessary condition cause?
Definition
a condition that must be present for the effect to follow
Term
What is a sufficient condition cause?
Definition
a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question
Term
define Units of Analysis
Definition
the things, what or whom, being studies in a research project
Term
What are the four type of Units of Analysis?
Definition
  1. Individuals
  2. groups
  3. organizations
  4. social artifacts
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