Term
Labeling Theory
Describe labeling theory in short
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Definition
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Term
Labeling Theory
What is the status of its emperical validity?
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Definition
| Never emperically validated |
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Term
Labeling Theory
Explain power holders and who might these people be?
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Definition
Power holders are people who have power over us in society.
these people are people in government and people with money. |
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Term
Labeling Theory
Explain "looking glass self" and how does this apply to criminality and labeling theory?
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Definition
Looking glass self is how you see yourself as how others see you and tell you how you are. others tell us about ourselves, we accept.
If people keep telling me I am a criminal then i begin to accept that I am. |
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Term
Labeling Theory
"labels" = ? |
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Definition
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Term
Labeling Theory
What is primary deviance? |
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Definition
| Acts of deviance that tend to be of a lesser nature, less severe, infrequent, and random |
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Term
Labeling Theory
What is secondary deviance? |
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Definition
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Term
Labeling Theory
Explain the path from primary to secondary deviance including thought process? |
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Definition
| Some begins by committing acts of primary deviance → before you are labeled a criminal, yuo do not think of yourself as a criminal → once caught and convicted then you carry around the stigma → now you start acting as a criminal because power holders say you are a criminal(labeled) → secondary deviance aka societal reaction perspective. |
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Term
Labeling Theory
Within labeling theory where is the blame placed and why? |
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Definition
| The blame is placed on the government and the criminal justice system. Because of the time and what was going on at the time (vietnam and rebellious generation) |
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Term
Labeling Theory
What policies came out of this theory? |
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Definition
1) diversion programs - programs that divert you from the CJ system
- community service
2) Deinstitutionalization
- expungement
3)Radical non-intervention - idea that we should tolerate certain offenses |
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Term
"Shaming" Theory
Explain the idea of this theory |
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Definition
| The idea that social disapproval to produce remorse . |
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Term
"Shaming" Theory
What are the two types of shaming? |
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Definition
1) Disintegrative shaming
2) Reintegrated shaming |
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Term
"Shaming" Theory
What is disintegrative shaming and an example? |
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Definition
the idea of bringing shame upon a person and that will deter them from committing crime
- sex offender registry |
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Term
"Shaming" Theory
What is reintegrated shaming and an example? |
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Definition
the idea that the offender goes through a process that decriminalizes them
- victim offender meetings |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
Describe this theory in short and who is the author? |
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Definition
| This theory says that a disorganized community fosters an environment that cause more deviance compared to an organized community. Shaw and Mckay |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What is the status of its emperical validity? |
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Definition
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What are some attributes of an organized community? |
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Definition
- less crime
- agreement on norms and values
- cohesiveness in the community
- social interaction seems to be more orderly and courteous
- ex. Edwardsville = good place to raise a family |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What are some of the attributes of a disorganized community? |
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Definition
- breakdown in social control
- not widespread concensus
- low cohesion |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What was the name of the study that used geography to figure out deviance? |
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Definition
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What idea came out of the "Chicago Studies"? |
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Definition
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
Where does the zone of transition begin? |
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Definition
| wherever the highest consectration of deliquency is, primarily the "inner city" |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What comes out/ are the attributes of the inner zone of transition? |
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Definition
- Physical decay
- broken families
- births out of wedlock
- bad jobs
- poor education
- high rate of adult criminality
- higher rates of intoxication |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What did Shaw and Mckay prove in this study? |
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Definition
| They proved that if you put anyone, doesn't matter on race or ethnicity, in these circumstances/situation they will deviate/ be delinquent |
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Term
Social Disorganization Theory
What are some policies that were born out of this theory? |
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Definition
- Public houseing movement
- busing
- after school programs |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Who is the father of Anomie theory? |
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Definition
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
What does "Anomie" mean from Durkheim |
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Definition
| a state of "normlessness" or a lack of social regulation |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
How does Merton explain "Anomie"? |
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Definition
| A disconnect between "valued cultural ends"(the American dream) and legitimate (legal) means to achieve those ends |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
What are the two reasons why "Anomie" occurs? |
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Definition
1)American Culture
2)American dream |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Why does American culture and the American dream lead to strain? |
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Definition
| Because as Americans we are socialized into high ambition with an emphesis on winning/being competitive. We will do anything to win or take the top spot, this may condition us to cheat/ break the law. Not everyone is on an even playing field and have different blocked opportunities. |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Define strain under this theory |
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Definition
| The pressure to attain goals through legitimate or illigitimate means |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
What are the modes of adaptation to strain? (5) |
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Definition
1)Conformity
2) Innovation
3) Rebellion
4) Retreatism
5) Ritualism |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Explain conformity |
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Definition
| Conformity is the most common response to strain. The idea of accepting your life for what it is using conventional ways to achieve goals. |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Explain innovation |
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Definition
| Innovation is the most common deviant response. This is the idea that someone wants the traditional American dream but use illigitimate means and commit income producing crime. ex. selling drugs |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Explain rebellion |
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Definition
| Total rejection of the system. wants to tear the system down often through violence. ex. occupy wall street movement. |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Explain retreatism |
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Definition
| This is an escapist response. this type of person will engage in intoxication to deal with strain. |
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Term
Merton's Anomie Theory
Explain ritualism |
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Definition
| this is where the person gives up the struggle to get ahead and instead continues to do the same thing everyday so they don't fall or rise |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
Explain what this theory is in short and who is the author? |
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Definition
| this theory deals with meeting middle class expectations and why the lower class doesnt meet these expectations and what happens if someone cant meet them, this is theory explains juvenile deliquency. Albert Cohen |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
define stain under this theory |
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Definition
| The inability to gain status and acceptance in society |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
What do you have to do to gain status under this theory? |
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Definition
| Meet middle class expectations |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
What are some middle class expectation and which is most important? |
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Definition
- Academic success (important)
- financial stability
- behaving yourself
- proper speech
- appearence
- demener
- positive activities
- delayed gratification (important) |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
Why is it that lower class groups do not buy into middle class expectations? |
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Definition
| they are not socialized into meeting these expectations, different culture. |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
What occurs if someone can not meet middle class expectations? |
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Definition
Status deprivation
↓
Status frustration
↓
Reaction formation |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
Define reaction formation |
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Definition
| when some intentionally acts the opposite way of middle class expectations to achieve status in their own sub group |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
According to cohen, what will happen if you put a lower class kid into a public school with middle class expectations? |
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Definition
| the child is bound to fail because that child is socialized to these expectations |
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Term
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
What is a policy that came from this theory? |
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Definition
| No child left behind, a policy trying to help lower class kids |
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Term
Differential Opportuity Theory
Explain in short what this theory is and who are the authors? |
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Definition
| Not all deviance is the same, legitimate and illigitimate opportunites are blocked depending on where you live and what type of people shape you good or bad. Cloward and Ohlin |
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Term
Differential Opportuity Theory
What are the three subcultures? |
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Definition
1) Criminal subculture
2) Conflict subculture
3) Retreatism subculture |
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Term
Differential Opportuity Theory
Explain Criminal subculture |
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Definition
| There are adult stable criminal role models present that recruit, train in criminal techniques, and are mostly involved in income producing crime to gain status. |
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Term
Differential Opportuity Theory
Explain conflict subculture |
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Definition
| There are no adult role models or there arent many adults at all. this fosters a dislike for adults, gang activity and fighting. status is gained through being a fearless fighter. |
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Term
Differential Opportuity Theory
Explain Retreatist subculture |
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Definition
| This group is not good at income producing crime or fighting. status is gained through intoxication or who has the best drugs/drug connections. |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain in short what this theory is about and who is the Author? |
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Definition
| The idea that there are certain cultural ideas that are important to people of the lower class that shape that person. Walter Miller |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Define focal concerns |
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Definition
| Focal concerns are values that are dominant in the lower class |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
What are the six focal concerns? |
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Definition
1) Trouble
2) Smartness
3) Excitement
4) Fatalism
5) Autonomy
6) Toughness |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain trouble |
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Definition
| The idea that people in the lower class are encouraged to commit deviance/crime and get away with it to gain status |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain smartness |
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Definition
| Smartness is the ability to con someone out of their money to gain status. Street smarts |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain excitement |
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Definition
| The idea that if you perform thrill seeking/risk taking activities you gain status |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain fatalism |
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Definition
| Is the thought that one does not care if they die, this is very dangerous for young people. |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain autonomy |
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Definition
| The idea that someone wants to be free from authority and does not respect authority to gain status |
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Term
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Explain toughness |
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Definition
| The idea that not backing down and beinging fear gains you status |
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Term
General Strain Theory
What question is this theory trying to answer and who is the author? |
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Definition
| Why do people commit crime? Agnew. |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Agnew defines strain as |
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Definition
| Strain = stress that leads to deviance |
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Term
General Strain Theory
What are the three situations that lead to strain that leads to deviance? |
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Definition
1) Failure to achieve positivley valued goals
2) Removal of a positivley valued stimuli
3) A confrontation with a negative stimuli |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Explain: A failure to achieve positivley valued goals |
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Definition
| This is a disconnect between aspirations and are expectations. Circumstances seem unfair and if you put in the work you expect to get the desired results and when this doesnt happen this leads to anger and possible deviance. |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Whats the difference between aspirations and expectations? |
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Definition
| Aspirations are what we hope to achieve and Expectations are what we realistically hope to achieve. |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Explain and provide an example of: removal of a positivley valued stimuli |
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Definition
| This is the idea that you lose something you care about. ex. a death or break up. |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Explain: A confronation with a negative stimuli |
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Definition
| Known as a "noxious stimuli". The idea that if a kid is abused or subject to some kind of victimization then that will trigger a negative response and cause anger, this may lead the child to be deviant |
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Term
Conflict Theory
Explain in short what this theory does |
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Definition
| This theory explain how law is made as well as who makes/influences the law/policies |
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Term
Conflict Theory
What are the two competing groups? |
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Definition
The "haves" - the powerful
vs.
The "have nots" - the powerless |
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Term
Conflict Theory
What is the main attribute that makes the "haves" powerful? |
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Definition
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Term
Conflict Theory
Explain how the powerful can influence how law and policy is made |
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Definition
| The powerful have the money to back people running for office in politics that way those politians that the powerful back have to listen to their concerns on law/policy. |
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Term
Concensus Theory
Who is the author of this Theory? |
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Definition
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Term
Concensus Theory
Explain what this theory was saying |
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Definition
| This theory was saying that we as Americans think alike and that law is really an agreement/concensus about values. |
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Term
Concensus Theory
This theory is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
Concensus Theory
Functionalist theory says what about society? |
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Definition
| That society is not homogeneous (same) rather it is heterogeneous. What is normal for one group of people is not for another. |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
Explain what this theory is saying and how does it differ from conflict theory? |
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Definition
| Conflict theory says that there are only two groups the powerful and the powerless. A more realistic version is the pluralistic conflict theory which say that there is disagreement among the powerful and there are multiple powerful competing groups that clash on issues. |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
What three factors influence how law is made under this theory? |
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Definition
1) Myth's about criminal justice
2) Fear of victimization
3) Immediate events |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
Explain: myths about criminal justice |
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Definition
| the idea that minorities are more dangerous or the poor hurt the economy |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
Explain: Fear of victimization |
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Definition
| When people become more of crime we demand more law to protect us. |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
Explain: Immediate events |
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Definition
| When things happen that affects how law is made and enforced. Example is the Patriot act, which gave the government power in our personal lives because of the threat of terrorism |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
What is Mala Prohibita
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Definition
| the idea that something should be illegal because certian groups think it should be based on their morality(powerful peoples). ex. prostitution. |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
What is Mala in Se |
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Definition
| something that a great majority believe is wrong in and of themselves. ex. child preditors. |
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Term
Pluralistic Conflict Theory
Explain the difference between legal variables and extra legal variables |
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Definition
Legal variables are things that affect the process of that are on the books such as criminal record, was there a weapon present.
Where as extra legal variables are not on the books but still effect and impact the process of law such as race, gender, and class. |
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