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| a body of rules for human conduct enforced by imposing penalties for their violation. |
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| A system of law and law enforcement began earlier than ___? |
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| A sytem of law began as a means to |
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| control human conduct and enforce society's rules. |
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| Keeping the peace was the responsibility of |
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| TITHING SYSTEM established |
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| the principle of collective responsibility for maintaining local law and order |
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| Top official of the hundreds |
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| May be the origin of the general alarm and citizen's arrest |
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| NORMAN FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM |
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| William the Conqueror established 55 military districts, each headed by a shire-reeve, who answered directly to the crown. |
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| The Frankpledge system required (2 things): |
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loyalty to the king's law
mutual local responsibility of all free Englishmen to maintain the peace |
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| Established the Leges Henrici |
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| Established arson, robbery, murder and crimes of violence as being against the king's peace |
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| Leges Henrici set the precedent that: |
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| for certain crimes a person is punished by the state rather than the victim |
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| The Leges Henrici(2 things accomplished) |
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made law enforcement a public matter
separated offenses into felonies and misdemeaners |
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| Who established the jury system? |
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| The inquisition required people to |
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| give the information to a panel of judges who determined guilt or innocence |
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| King John signed the Magna Carta in |
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| a precedent for democratic government and individual rights |
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Magna Carta
(2 things it did) |
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laid the foundation for requiring rulers to uphold the law
forbade taxation with representation
required due process by law
provided safeguards against unfair imprisonment |
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| Magna Carta contained __ articles |
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| Magna Carta required king to |
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| Who established a curfew and night system for Westminister, the capital of England? |
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| The importance of Edward I making groups of 100 merchants responsible for keeping the peace in their districts: |
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| making law enforcement a local responsibility |
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| a system of law enforcement of groups of 100 merchants that provided citizens with 24 hour protection. |
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| During the 14th centure, the shire-reeve was replaced by: |
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during the Middle Ages:
___ was used for rural law enforcement
___ was used for urban law enforcement |
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parish constable system - rural
watch and ward - urban |
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| Watch and Ward system was adequate until |
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| the Industrial Revolution |
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| Permitted the magistrate to call in the military to quell the riot |
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| The invention of what in the 17th century caused a rise in violent crimes and theft |
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| who wrote books about London's poverty-stricked inhabitants and causes of crime |
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| Who established the Bow Street Runners |
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| First detective unit in London |
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| Who is referred to as the "father of modern policing" |
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| Peel's principles for reform called for |
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| local responsibility for law and order |
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| in 1844, what city established 24/7 paid city police force |
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| What movement was in response to the absence of effective law and order in frontier regions |
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| refers to the settlers taking the law into their own hands in the absence of effective policing |
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| the attorney general has two positions |
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head of the department of justice
chief law officer of the federal government |
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| The first agency similar to our present state police |
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| American Indian tribes operated ___ law enforcement agencies throughout the country and are overseen by the BIA |
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| The 5 levels of government authorized to have law enforcement agencies are: |
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1 township/special district police
2 municipal police
3 county police
4 state police
5 federal police |
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1 political era
2 reform era
3 community era |
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| in what era were police characterized by a broad social service function, a decentralized organization, and intimate relationship with the community and extensive use of foot patrol |
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| During what era did police get their authority from politicians and the law - which caused problems bc of the close tie |
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| in what era were police characterized by a broad social service function, a decentralized organization, and intimate relationship with the community and extensive use of foot patrol |
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| During what era did police get their authority from politicians and the law - which caused problems bc of the close tie |
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| created the civil service system for government employees and made it illegal to fire or demote a worker for political reasons |
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| in what era were police forces characterized by authority coming from the law and professionalism, crime control as their primary function, a centralized, efficient organization; a professional remoteness from the community; and emphasis on preventive motorized patrol and rapid responses to crime |
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| father or dean of modern police administration |
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| august vollmer's contributions |
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Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics |
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| father or dean of modern police administration |
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Definition
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| august vollmer's contributions |
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Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics
fingerprint system
psychological screenings
importance of college eduation |
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| father or dean of modern police administration |
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Definition
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| august vollmer's contributions |
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Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics
fingerprint system
psychological screenings
importance of college eduation |
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| prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in employment of any kind, public or private, local, state or federal |
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Definition
| Equal Employment Opportunity Act |
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| in what era were the police characterized by authority coming from community support, law, and professionalism; provision of a broad range of services, including crime control; decentralized organism with more authority given to patrol officers; partnerships with the community; and the use of foot patrol and a problem-solving approach |
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| what branch enforces laws |
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| what branch judges when the law has been broken |
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| power is shared by the national government and the states |
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| the feederal consititution, treaties with foreign powers, acts of congress, the state constitutions, state statutes, and common/case law make up the |
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| a fundamental document protecting a person's right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
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freedom of:
religion, speech, press, peaceable assembly, and petition |
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| the right to keep and bear arms as necessary for a well-regulated militia |
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| probable cause and forbids unreasonable searches and seizures |
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| guarantees due process & prohibits double jeopardy and self incrimination |
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| expresses the fundamental ideas of american justice |
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| protects individuals against unreasonable laws and limits arbitrary government actions |
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| deals with notices, hearings, gathering of evidence |
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| states that one will not be tried before a federal or state court more than once for than the same crime |
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| immunities, speedy trial, impartial jury, right to confront witnesses, subpoena witnesses, right to council |
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| no excessive bail/fines/post, no cruel & unusual punishment |
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| state has powers federal doesnt |
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states must abide by constitution & bill of rights
due process, equal protection |
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| must be a measurable act - planning/conspiring |
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| the body of the crime itself |
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| must prove criminal intent |
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| guilty knowledge making individuals legally responsible for their acts |
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| refers to all noncriminal restrictions placed on individuals |
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| civil law seeks ____, not punishment |
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| the offense of a civil law |
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| diff between crime & tort? |
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crime: public, state prosecutes, seeks punishment, criminal intent
tort: private, individual prosecutes, seeks redress, intent not necessary |
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| the most frequent used sources of information about crime |
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| contains stats of violent crimes and property crimes |
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| provides more detailed data than UCR |
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| two important crimes not in UCR |
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| whte collar, identity theft |
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| uses a hierarchy system - worst=only |
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| collects detailed info on the frequency and nature of the crimes of rape |
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| survey that collects data on crimes against individuals and households - regardless of whether they were reported |
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| willful, deliberate, and premeditated taking of another person's life |
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| NOT premeditated, but the intent to kill is present |
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element of malice
death =accidental with no intent, hatred, ill will etc |
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| accidental death from reckless operation |
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| difference between assault & battery |
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assault: unlawful attack by one on another to inflict sever bodily harm
battery: any physical contact that occurs |
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| unlawful entrance into a building to commit theft or another felony |
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| unlawfully taking & removing another's personal property with the intent of permanent deprivation of property |
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| fear and hatred of stangers or foreigners |
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| hate crimes can be motivated by bias against (5) |
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race
religion
disability
sexual orientation
ethnicity |
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| two theories of criminality |
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| sees people as free agents with free will. people commit crimes because they want to. |
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| sees criminal's as victim's of society and of their own biological, sociological, cultural and physical environments |
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| gives victims the right to be compensated for cost of crimes etc |
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| the crime victims' reparations act |
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| helps cope with the labyrinth of police, court etc |
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| victim and witness protection act |
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| recognizes for the first time the rights of victims to participate in criminal prosecution |
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| crime victims' bill of rights |
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| established crime victims' fund |
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| provides for compensation and other victim assistance from fines penalties etc |
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| victim and witness protection acts of 1994 |
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