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CJ 110
Test 1
115
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2011

Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
LAW
Definition
a body of rules for human conduct enforced by imposing penalties for their violation.
Term
A system of law and law enforcement began earlier than ___?
Definition
2000BC
Term
A sytem of law began as a means to
Definition
control human conduct and enforce society's rules.
Term
Keeping the peace was the responsibility of
Definition
the group/public
Term
LEX TALIONIS
Definition
An eye for an eye
Term
TITHING
Definition
a group of 10 families
Term
TITHING SYSTEM established
Definition
the principle of collective responsibility for maintaining local law and order
Term
REEVE
Definition
Top official of the hundreds
Term
HUNDREDS
Definition
groups of 10 tithings
Term
May be the origin of the general alarm and citizen's arrest
Definition
Hue and Cry
Term
NORMAN FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
Definition
William the Conqueror established 55 military districts, each headed by a shire-reeve, who answered directly to the crown.
Term
The Frankpledge system required (2 things):
Definition
loyalty to the king's law

mutual local responsibility of all free Englishmen to maintain the peace
Term
Established the Leges Henrici
Definition
Henry the Law Maker
Term
Leges Henrici
Definition
Established arson, robbery, murder and crimes of violence as being against the king's peace
Term
Leges Henrici set the precedent that:
Definition
for certain crimes a person is punished by the state rather than the victim
Term
The Leges Henrici(2 things accomplished)
Definition
made law enforcement a public matter

separated offenses into felonies and misdemeaners
Term
Who established the jury system?
Definition
Henry II
Term
Henry II's jury system
Definition
inquisition
Term
The inquisition required people to
Definition
give the information to a panel of judges who determined guilt or innocence
Term
King John signed the Magna Carta in
Definition
1215
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
a precedent for democratic government and individual rights
Term
Magna Carta
(2 things it did)
Definition
laid the foundation for requiring rulers to uphold the law

forbade taxation with representation

required due process by law

provided safeguards against unfair imprisonment
Term
Magna Carta contained __ articles
Definition
63
Term
Magna Carta required king to
Definition
uphold feudal law
Term
Who established a curfew and night system for Westminister, the capital of England?
Definition
King Edward
Term
The importance of Edward I making groups of 100 merchants responsible for keeping the peace in their districts:
Definition
making law enforcement a local responsibility
Term
Watch and Ward
Definition
a system of law enforcement of groups of 100 merchants that provided citizens with 24 hour protection.
Term
Ward
Definition
day shift
Term
Watch
Definition
night system
Term
During the 14th centure, the shire-reeve was replaced by:
Definition
the justice of the peace
Term
during the Middle Ages:
___ was used for rural law enforcement
___ was used for urban law enforcement
Definition
parish constable system - rural
watch and ward - urban
Term
Watch and Ward system was adequate until
Definition
the Industrial Revolution
Term
Permitted the magistrate to call in the military to quell the riot
Definition
Riot Act
Term
The invention of what in the 17th century caused a rise in violent crimes and theft
Definition
gin and whiskey
Term
who wrote books about London's poverty-stricked inhabitants and causes of crime
Definition
Henry Fieldings
Term
Who established the Bow Street Runners
Definition
Henry Fielding
Term
First detective unit in London
Definition
Bow Street Runners
Term
Who is referred to as the "father of modern policing"
Definition
Robert Peel
Term
Peel's principles for reform called for
Definition
local responsibility for law and order
Term
in 1844, what city established 24/7 paid city police force
Definition
NYC
Term
What movement was in response to the absence of effective law and order in frontier regions
Definition
the vigilante movement
Term
refers to the settlers taking the law into their own hands in the absence of effective policing
Definition
the vigilante movement
Term
the attorney general has two positions
Definition
head of the department of justice

chief law officer of the federal government
Term
The first agency similar to our present state police
Definition
the Texas Rangers
Term
BIA
Definition
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Term
American Indian tribes operated ___ law enforcement agencies throughout the country and are overseen by the BIA
Definition
171
Term
The 5 levels of government authorized to have law enforcement agencies are:
Definition
1 township/special district police
2 municipal police
3 county police
4 state police
5 federal police
Term
3 eras of policing
Definition
1 political era
2 reform era
3 community era
Term
in what era were police characterized by a broad social service function, a decentralized organization, and intimate relationship with the community and extensive use of foot patrol
Definition
political era
Term
During what era did police get their authority from politicians and the law - which caused problems bc of the close tie
Definition
political era
Term
in what era were police characterized by a broad social service function, a decentralized organization, and intimate relationship with the community and extensive use of foot patrol
Definition
political era
Term
During what era did police get their authority from politicians and the law - which caused problems bc of the close tie
Definition
political era
Term
created the civil service system for government employees and made it illegal to fire or demote a worker for political reasons
Definition
Pendleton Act
Term
in what era were police forces characterized by authority coming from the law and professionalism, crime control as their primary function, a centralized, efficient organization; a professional remoteness from the community; and emphasis on preventive motorized patrol and rapid responses to crime
Definition
reform era
Term
father or dean of modern police administration
Definition
august vollmer
Term
august vollmer's contributions
Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics
Term
father or dean of modern police administration
Definition
august vollmer
Term
august vollmer's contributions
Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics
fingerprint system
psychological screenings
importance of college eduation
Term
father or dean of modern police administration
Definition
august vollmer
Term
august vollmer's contributions
Definition
motorized patrol
criminalistics
fingerprint system
psychological screenings
importance of college eduation
Term
prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in employment of any kind, public or private, local, state or federal
Definition
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
Term
in what era were the police characterized by authority coming from community support, law, and professionalism; provision of a broad range of services, including crime control; decentralized organism with more authority given to patrol officers; partnerships with the community; and the use of foot patrol and a problem-solving approach
Definition
community era
Term
what branch makes laws
Definition
legislative
Term
what branch enforces laws
Definition
executive
Term
what branch judges when the law has been broken
Definition
juducial
Term
power is shared by the national government and the states
Definition
federalism
Term
the feederal consititution, treaties with foreign powers, acts of congress, the state constitutions, state statutes, and common/case law make up the
Definition
order of authority
Term
a fundamental document protecting a person's right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Definition
bill of rights
Term
first amendment
Definition
freedom of:
religion, speech, press, peaceable assembly, and petition
Term
second amendment
Definition
the right to keep and bear arms as necessary for a well-regulated militia
Term
fourth amendment
Definition
probable cause and forbids unreasonable searches and seizures
Term
fifth amendment
Definition
guarantees due process & prohibits double jeopardy and self incrimination
Term
expresses the fundamental ideas of american justice
Definition
due process of law
Term
protects individuals against unreasonable laws and limits arbitrary government actions
Definition
substantive due process
Term
deals with notices, hearings, gathering of evidence
Definition
procedural due process
Term
states that one will not be tried before a federal or state court more than once for than the same crime
Definition
double jeopardy (5th)
Term
sixth amendment
Definition
immunities, speedy trial, impartial jury, right to confront witnesses, subpoena witnesses, right to council
Term
eighth amendment
Definition
no excessive bail/fines/post, no cruel & unusual punishment
Term
tenth amendment
Definition
state has powers federal doesnt
Term
fourteenth amendment
Definition
states must abide by constitution & bill of rights

due process, equal protection
Term
"guilty act"
Definition
actus reus
Term
must be a measurable act - planning/conspiring
Definition
actus reus
Term
the body of the crime itself
Definition
corpus delecti
Term
mens rea
Definition
criminal intent
Term
must prove criminal intent
Definition
mens rea
Term
guilty knowledge making individuals legally responsible for their acts
Definition
scienter
Term
refers to all noncriminal restrictions placed on individuals
Definition
civil law
Term
civil law seeks ____, not punishment
Definition
restitution
Term
the offense of a civil law
Definition
tort
Term
diff between crime & tort?
Definition
crime: public, state prosecutes, seeks punishment, criminal intent

tort: private, individual prosecutes, seeks redress, intent not necessary
Term
the most frequent used sources of information about crime
Definition
meda
surveys
gov stats
Term
official sources of info
Definition
UCR, NIBRS, NCVS
Term
contains stats of violent crimes and property crimes
Definition
UCR
Term
provides more detailed data than UCR
Definition
NIBRS
Term
two important crimes not in UCR
Definition
whte collar, identity theft
Term
uses a hierarchy system - worst=only
Definition
UCR
Term
collects detailed info on the frequency and nature of the crimes of rape
Definition
NCVS
Term
survey that collects data on crimes against individuals and households - regardless of whether they were reported
Definition
NCVS
Term
first degree murder
Definition
willful, deliberate, and premeditated taking of another person's life
Term
second-degree murder
Definition
NOT premeditated, but the intent to kill is present
Term
manslaughter
Definition
element of malice
death =accidental with no intent, hatred, ill will etc
Term
negligent homicide
Definition
accidental death from reckless operation
Term
difference between assault & battery
Definition
assault: unlawful attack by one on another to inflict sever bodily harm

battery: any physical contact that occurs
Term
unlawful entrance into a building to commit theft or another felony
Definition
burglary
Term
unlawfully taking & removing another's personal property with the intent of permanent deprivation of property
Definition
larceny-theft
Term
fear and hatred of stangers or foreigners
Definition
xenophobia
Term
hate crimes can be motivated by bias against (5)
Definition
race
religion
disability
sexual orientation
ethnicity
Term
two theories of criminality
Definition
classical
positivist
Term
sees people as free agents with free will. people commit crimes because they want to.
Definition
classical theory
Term
sees criminal's as victim's of society and of their own biological, sociological, cultural and physical environments
Definition
positivist
Term
gives victims the right to be compensated for cost of crimes etc
Definition
the crime victims' reparations act
Term
helps cope with the labyrinth of police, court etc
Definition
victim and witness protection act
Term
recognizes for the first time the rights of victims to participate in criminal prosecution
Definition
crime victims' bill of rights
Term
established crime victims' fund
Definition
victims of crime act
Term
provides for compensation and other victim assistance from fines penalties etc
Definition
victim and witness protection acts of 1994
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