Term
|
Definition
| A state or group of neighboring states that share chararcteristics such as a language, artiface and architechtural styles, and settlement types and layouts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All learned shared behavior, customs, and beliefs of a human group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phyisical manifestations of human activities, including artifacts, features, structures, landscapes, and language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of a culture through spatial analysis of its material culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collecting artifacts without recording provenience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Research on material culture remains from societies without written records that we can read. |
|
|
Term
| Protohistoric Archaeology |
|
Definition
| Research on material culture remains from societies with a little writing that is controlled by elites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Research on the material culture of remains from societies with writings that we can translate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A residence pattern of permanent, year-round settlement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wild plants fostered by human efforts to make them more productive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intense human selection activity induces permanent genetic change, creating interdependence between humans and the selected plant or animal species, and enhancing the species' value to humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant that is wholly dependent on humans: a domesticate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farming method in which only hand tools are used; typical of most early Neolithic societies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increasing the amount and/or frequency of crop production through means such as irrigation, rasied fields, fertilization, multiple plantings in one year, mixed cropping, plowing with animal power or mechanization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earliest evidence of plant domestication in the Old World was found in which area? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earliest domesticated plant found to date are |
|
|
Term
| All of the following were major domesticates developed in Europe: |
|
Definition
| Wheat, Barley, Lentils, Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Pigs |
|
|
Term
| Archaeological Characteristics of Domesticates |
|
Definition
| Tough rachis or spike holding seed, more seeds, larger seeds, brittle seed hulls or naked kernals. |
|
|
Term
Corkscrew twist to horns, more gracile skeletons, most males killed young, most female skeletons are old |
|
Definition
Archaeological Characteristics of Domesitcated Goats |
|
|
Term
Increased dependence on a few plant species. Increased vulnerability to crop loss due to disease or bad weather. Decreased evolutionary potential due to loss of knowledge about non-domesticated plants and animals. Irrigation agriculture microenvironment breeds mosquitoes and snails that carry diseases infecting humans.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Decreased environmental diversity and complexity. Soil erosion from deforested and cultivated slopes. Accumulation of salts poisoning irrigated soils. Exhaustion of soil nutrients by not fallowing fields in slash and burn agriculture. Exhaustion of soil nutrients due to lack of fertilization. Extinction of animals due to destruction of their environments such as burning rainforests for agriculture. |
|
Definition
| Effects of Agriculture on the Environment |
|
|
Term
Increase in diseases transported from animals to humans. Soil erosion due to overgrazing. Zoonoses. |
|
Definition
| Results of animal domestication |
|
|
Term
Chicken pox Bovine TB Flu HIV Trichonosis Bubonic Plague Shistosomiasis (snails) Anthrax Ebola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V. Gordon Childe's "Oasis Theory" |
|
Definition
People domesticated plants and animals when they became concentrated in oases as the rest of the Near East became warmer and drier in the Holocene.
|
|
|
Term
| Robert C. Braidwood's "Nuclear Zone" |
|
Definition
Domestication and agriculture developed as early Holocene hunter-gatherers became more familiar with local wild plants and animals until they were culturally ready to domesticate them. "Hilly Flanks"
|
|
|
Term
| Louis Binford's "Packing Model" |
|
Definition
Population increase and resulting demogrpahic stress in resource-rich areas, where wild cereals could be gathered, led to migration into marginal areas where cereals had to be cultivated.
|
|
|
Term
| Kent V. Flannery's "Broad Spectrum Foraging" |
|
Definition
Population increases beyond the ability to support it from wild plant harvesting led to diversification of food sources.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Climate change first promoted the development of resource-rich regions, followed by dryer climate that required the development of domestication.
|
|
|
Term
| Barbara Bender and Brian Hayden Theory |
|
Definition
Agriculture developed out of social competition to achieve rank and status by throwing feasts that create lasting dependences between themselves and other members of the community.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organized study of data using the scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A research epistemology and methodology whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated and that hypthesis is tested through the collection and analysis of data. If the hypothesis is supported by evidence it becomes theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The system of principles, practices and procedures applied to any specific branch of knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uninfluenced by emotion, surmise, or personal prejudice. Value Neutral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proceeding from or taking place within an individual's mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An explanation of the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena in a relatively wide variety of circumstances that is supported by evidence, data, logic, accepted methods of analysis, and assumptions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As statement accepted or supposed true without support, proff or demonstration. Presumption. Logic: A minor premise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reasoning from specific observations and descriptions to generalizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reasoning from generalizations to predict expected specific observations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A provisional explanation that accounts, within a theory or ideational framework, for a set of facts that can be used as a basis for further investigation. A causal proposition subject to verification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Law-like. The goal of science is to confirm hypotheses as law-like statements, or laws describing the behavior of phenomena under given conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plan of action for collecting and analyzing the data with which to test hypotheses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information, usually quantified organized for analysis or used as the basis testing an hypthesis and drawing conclusions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The data on which a conclusion, proof, or probability of truth of a statement may be established. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence required to support general aspects of a hypothesis but not adequate to validate it specifically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence that validates the specifics of a hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. A means or manner of procedure; especially, a regular and systematic way of accomplishing anything. 2. The procedure and techniques characteristic of a particular discipline or field of knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Scientific principle that the simplest explanation accounting for the most data is more likely to be true than a complicated explantion. |
|
|
