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| How old must a US citizen be to run for President? |
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| How old must a congressman be? |
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| How old must a senator be? |
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| How old must a supreme court justice be? |
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| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? |
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| Who wrote the Constitution? |
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| The three branches of the government |
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| Executive, Legislative, Judicial |
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| What is the "Bill of Rights"? |
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Definition
| The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Written to protect liberty, property, and to limit government. |
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| What are "checks and balances"? |
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Definition
| Checks and balances limit one section of government from becoming too powerful. |
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| Where is the nation's capital? |
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| Who is the current Vice President? |
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| Differences between the Senate and the House of Representatives? |
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Definition
Senate has 100 members, 2 from each state.
House has 435 members, proportionally distributed. |
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| Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. |
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| A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. |
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| No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
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| The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probably cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. |
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| No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise, infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. |
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| In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. |
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| “personal freedoms that the government may not legitimately infringe upon” |
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| Goal of social justice, equal access to goods & services / equal opportunity |
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| representative government, voice in government |
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| a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, and action of the individual; self-reliance and individual prosperity, believes economic competition is good, modest social programs. |
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| the practice or study of the art and science of forming, directing, and administrating states and other political units; the art and science of government; political science |
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| supreme power vested in the people |
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| one person with uncontrolled power |
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| adherence to the words of the Constitution. Government by the Constitution |
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| rule by a majority, especially the belief that those constituting a simple majority should make the rules for all members of a group, nation, etc. |
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| American politics is best understood through the generalization that power is relatively broadly (though unequally) distributed among many more or less organized interest groups in society that compete with one another to control public policy |
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| power should be held by a favored, elite group |
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| free market society, little government interaction in the market system |
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| all or most productive services are owned by the government |
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| communal ownership of all property; equality is king |
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| Limited via check and balances |
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| Government by the people through elected representatives |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| July 4, 1776. Thomas Jefferson. Unalienable rights: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. All men created equal. Government instituted by men to secure rights. Just power is derived by the consent of the governed. The people have the right to alter/abolish government. |
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| legitimate political authority comes from the generalized consent of the subject population |
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| America has a specific world mission to spread liberty and democracy. America = winning. |
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| positive action that the government takes to protect individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government or other individuals. |
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| legislative branch, responsible for writing laws. Bicameral legislature: House & Senate – decided by “The Great Compromise” |
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| Executive branch, responsible for enforcing laws |
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| Judicial branch, responsible for interpreting the laws. |
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| First ten amendments. Lists the civil liberties. Proposed by the Anti-Feds |
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| Articles of Confederation gave |
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| Separation of powers, bicameral legislature, weak governors, “League of Friendship,” formed a confederacy, state sovereignty |
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| Bicameral legislature. House of Representatives (based on state pop.) / Senate (2/state). Established national supremacy over states |
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| Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person in voting situations & when determining House of Reps |
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| Power to the States! Did not want the Constitution with out a Bill of Rights |
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No Bill of Rights
Fear of national supremacy
Feared having a standing army
Regional differences
States could take away the rights of other states |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Congress as sole national institution:
One vote/state
Very limited powers
9 states to pass any measure
Unanimous vote to amend |
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| how the framers intended it to be interpreted (uses newspapers, notes, Federalist papers, etc.) |
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| The meaning of the text (original meaning of words, what words meant & how they’re translated) |
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| Focuses on maintaining order. How has the meaning changed in light of how culture has changed? |
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| Proposed the ratification of the Constitution in regards to the powers of the federal government and the President/Congress. |
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| Checks and balances, 3 branches |
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powers shared between federal & state governments.
i.e. taxes & law enforcement |
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| system put in place to keep different aspects of the government from getting/holding too much power |
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the will of the majority is put so far above the will of the individual or the minority groups that it could be considered active oppression
(reasoning behind electoral college) |
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| government run by the people via elected officials |
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| Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and to petition the government |
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| “personal freedoms that the government may not legitimately infringe upon” |
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| Civil War Amendment: Due process applied to all states. Equal protection. |
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| Applied Bill of Rights to states. It originally only applied to the federal government. 14th Amendment |
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| Government cannot establish a national religion |
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| Cruel and unusual punishment |
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| Protection from unreasonable search & seizure |
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| Protection from double-jeopardy, self-incrimination, and being deprived of private property. Due process rights |
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| Powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution |
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| Powers expressly documented in the Constitution |
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| 5th Amendment / 14th Amendment |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| Separate but equal not good enough |
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| Gave women the right to vote |
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Definition
Outlawed discrimination in voter registration
Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations if tied to interstate commerce
Authorized the Dept. of Justice to initiate lawsuits to desegregate public schools and other facilities
Threatened to withhold federal funds to states and localities
Prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, origin, or sex
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce bans on employment discrimination
Commerce Clause: Government can interfere in instances of interstate commerce |
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| How many Amendments have been made to the Constitution? |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| Prohibited discriminatory voting laws |
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| “racial discrimination from practice rather than law” |
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| Racial discrimination as a direct result of the law |
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| An attempt by the government to right the wrongs done to formerly discriminated against minority groups by giving them preference over majority groups |
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| An African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination” |
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| A document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places |
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| Voter chooses candidates from different parties to fill various offices |
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| An electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature. One candidate is elected to each office. “Winner takes all” |
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| Proportional Representation |
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| A concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. |
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| When a candidate wins the primary, he becomes the nominee that will represent that party in the general election |
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| two major political parties dominate every level of election |
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| a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices |
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| a regularly scheduled local, state, or national election in which voters elect officeholders |
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| held within individual political parties to determine which candidate will run in the general election |
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| Article describing Congress in the Constitution |
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| The presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The Speaker, a member of the House, is elected by a majority party caucus. In addition to being chief spokesman for the majority party, the Speaker runs the proceedings of House debate and voting, appoints committee members, refers bills to committees for research and development, and has an influential voice in all stages of a bill's consideration. One of the most visible and influential officials of the federal government, the Speaker is second in line, after the vice president, in succession to the presidency. |
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| a permanent committee, as of a legislature, society, etc., intended to consider all matters pertaining to a designated subject. |
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| a proposed law put before the legislature |
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| If 3/5 majority votes for it, it limits Senate debate to 30 hours to defeat a filibuster |
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| Minority of legislatures prevents a bill from coming to a vote by holding the floor and talking until the majority gives in, and the bill is withdrawn |
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| An additional provision attached to a bill |
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| Latin for "I forbid" – is the power to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation. |
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| refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. |
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| Representation based on population. Direct election. 2 year terms |
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| 2 representatives per state. 6 year terms. |
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| Major Responsibilities of the House |
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Definition
| Major responsibilities: Spending & taxes, impeachment, and electing the President in case of electoral tie. |
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| Major Responsibilities of the Senate |
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| Major responsibilities: Foreign policy / treaty ratification, and overseeing the President’s appointments of bureaucracy and judges |
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| every 10 years to count the population & determine representation |
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| the highest decision-making body of the political party, tasked with electing or nominating the party's leaders or leadership bodies, deciding party policy, and setting the party's platform and agendas. |
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Definition
Commander in Chief
Head of executive branch
Pardon power
Treaty-making
Appointment power
Power to convene Congress
Veto power (Article 1) |
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| Article of the constitution concerning the judiciary branch |
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| Article of the constitution concerning the Executive branch |
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| “a given court’s authority to hear cases of a particular kind” |
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| A principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts |
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| Typical cases: Cases that involve the federal government as a party, cases that present a federal question based on a claim under the Constitution, a treaty with another nation, or a federal statute, and cases that involve civil suits between citizens of different states in which the amount of money exceeds $75,000 |
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| between district and the supreme courts. The original court of appeals or appellate court |
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| the body of law that relates to crime. It is the body of rules that regulates social conduct that proscribes threatening, harming, or otherwise endangering the health, safety, and moral welfare of people. Also sets out the punishment to be imposed on people who violate these laws |
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| the branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals or organizations, in which compensation may be awarded to the victim. |
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| basis for judicial review |
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| “The power of the courts to decide whether a governmental institution has acted within its constitutional powers, and, if not, to declare its actions null & void” |
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| How did framers intend the Constitution to be interpreted? It uses framers’ writings, newspaper articles of the day, Federalist Papers, Constitutional Convention notes, and speeches from the time to determine intent. |
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| presiding judge of the US Supreme Court / Judicial spokesperson |
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| Presidential Tenure Qualifications |
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Definition
| 4 year terms. Must be 35. Born citizen. 14 years in US |
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| Representative Tenure Qualifications |
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Definition
| 2 year terms / at least 25 / 7 years in US / resident of state |
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| Senate Tenure Qualifications |
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| 6 year terms / at least 30 / 9 years in US / resident of state they represent |
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