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1. public companies must document the effectiveness of their internal financial controls
2. CEOs and CFOs are held responsible for these disclosures |
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| an approach to managing info across an entire organization. formal set of processes to make info transparent and available for people authorized to access it |
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| process that spans all of an organization's business processes and applications. provides companies with the ability to store, maintain, exchange, and synchronize a consistent, accurate, and timely “single version of the truth” for the company's master data. |
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| a set of core data, such as customer, product, employee, vendor, and geographic location, that span all of the enterprise's information systems. |
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| generated and captured by operational systems, describe the activities, or transactions, of the business. |
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| arranged so that one set of software programs—the database management system—provides all users with access to all the data. |
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| same data stored in many places |
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| applications cannot access data associated with other applications |
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| various versions of the data do not agree |
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| data systems have extremely high security measures to prevent mistakes and attacks |
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| data meet certain constraints, such as no alphabetical characters in social security numbers |
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| applications and data are not linked to each other, so that all applications are able to access the same data |
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| data meet certain constraints, such as no alphabetical characters in social security numbers |
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| applications and data are not linked to each other, so that all applications are able to access the same data |
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Definition
1. bit represents smallest unit
2. byte is a group of 8 bits
3. field is grouping of logical characters
4. record- logical grouping of fields
5. file (or table)- logical grouping of related records |
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| diagram that represents the entities in the database and the relationships among them. |
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| person, place, thing, event, of which an organization maintains info |
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| specific, unique representation of an entity. IE: instance of entity STUDENT would be a specific student |
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| each characteristic or quality of a specific entity. IE: student number, name, etc. |
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| the record file that is used to uniquely identify that file. |
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| some other form used to identify that doesn't always identify with complete accuracy |
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| entity-relationship (ER) modeling |
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| The process of designing a database by organizing data entities to be used and identifying the relationships among them. |
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| entity-relationship (ER) diagram |
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| Document that shows data entities and attributes and relationships among them. |
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| refers to the maximum number of times an instance of one entity can be associated with an instance of the related entity. |
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| refers to the minimum number of times an instance of one entity can be associated with an instance of the related entity. |
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| A grouping of entities of a given type. |
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| An attribute that identifies an entity instance. |
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| database management system (DBMS) |
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| The software program (or group of programs) that provides access to a database. |
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| relational database model |
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| Data model based on the simple concept of tables in order to capitalize on characteristics of rows and columns of data. |
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| structured query language (SQL) |
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| Popular relational database language that enables users to perform complicated searches with relatively simple instructions. |
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| Database language that enables the user to fill out a grid (form) to construct a sample or description of the data wanted. |
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| Collection of definitions of data elements, data characteristics that use the data elements, and the individuals, business functions, applications, and reports that use the data elements. |
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| A method for analyzing and reducing a relational database to its most streamlined form for minimum redundancy, maximum data integrity, and best processing performance. |
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| A repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization. |
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| A low-cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse designed for the end-user needs in a small organization, or in a strategic business unit (SBU) or department in a large organization. |
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| multidimensional structure |
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Definition
| The manner in which data are structured in a data warehouse so that they can be analyzed by different views or perspectives, which are called dimensions. |
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Term
| knowledge management (KM) |
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Definition
| A process that helps organizations identify, select, organize, disseminate, transfer, and apply information and expertise that are part of the organization's memory and that typically reside within the organization in an unstructured manner. |
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| intellectual capital (intellectual assets) |
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| Other terms for knowledge. |
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| The more objective, rational, and technical types of knowledge. |
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| The cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning; it is highly personal and hard to formalize. |
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| knowledge management systems (KMSs) |
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| Information technologies used to systematize, enhance, and expedite intra- and interfirm knowledge management. |
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| arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) |
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| Portion of the CPU that performs mathematic calculations and makes logical comparisons. |
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| The form in which data and instructions can be read by the CPU—only 0s and 1s. |
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| Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU can process. |
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| An 8-bit string of data, needed to represent any one alphanumeric character or simple mathematical operation. |
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Definition
| A type of primary storage where the computer can temporarily store often-used blocks of data, and which a processor can access more rapidly than main memory (RAM). |
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| central processing unit (CPU) |
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Definition
| Hardware that performs the actual computation or “number crunching” inside any computer. |
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| compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM) |
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| A form of secondary storage that can be only read, not written on. |
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| Portion of the CPU that controls the flow of information. |
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| An optical storage device used to store digital video or computer data. |
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| Desktop computer systems that offer full functionality. |
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| Electronic storage devices that are compact, portable, require little power, and contain no moving parts. |
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| A form of secondary storage that reads from, and writes to, stacks of rotating magnetic disk platters mounted in rigid, sealed enclosures. |
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| A form of secondary storage on a magnetized disk divided into tracks and sectors that provide addresses for various pieces of data; also called hard disks. |
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| A secondary storage medium on a large open reel or in a smaller cartridge or cassette. |
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| Relatively large computers used in large enterprises for extensive computing applications that are accessed by thousands of users. |
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| The smallest and least expensive category of general-purpose computers; also called micros, personal computers, or PCs. |
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| The CPU, made up of millions of transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon wafer or chip. |
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| Relatively small, inexpensive, and compact midrange computers that perform the same functions as mainframe computers, but to a more limited extent. |
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| Prediction by Gordon Moore, an Intel co-founder, that microprocessor complexity would double approximately every two years. |
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| Computer-based integration of text, sound, still images, animation, and digitized full-motion video. |
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| A very small, light-weight, low-cost, energy-efficient, portable computer, typically optimized for Internet-based services such as Web browsing and e-mailing. |
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| A form of secondary storage in which a laser reads the surface of a reflective plastic platter. |
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| High-speed storage located directly on the motherboard that stores data to be processed by the CPU, instructions telling the CPU how to process the data, and operating system programs. |
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| random access memory (RAM) |
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| The part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of data brought from secondary storage. |
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| A type of primary storage in which certain critical instructions are safeguarded; the storage is nonvolatile and retains instructions when power to the computer is turned off. |
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| High-speed storage areas in the CPU that store very small amounts of data and instructions for short periods of time. |
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| Technology that can store large amounts of data for extended periods of time. |
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| Smaller mid-range computers that support networks, enabling users to share files, software, and other network devices. |
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| Computers with the most processing power available; used primarily in scientific and military work for computationally demanding tasks on large data sets. |
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| A complete computer contained entirely in a flat touch screen that users operate via a stylus, digital pen, or fingertip instead of a keyboard or mouse. |
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| Desktop computer systems that do not offer the full functionality of a PC. |
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| Storage device that fits into the USB port of a personal computer and is used for portable storage. |
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