Term
| How long have formal IT organizations and formal IT positions been in existence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is illustrated by the UPS barriers to entrants example? |
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Definition
| Barriers to entrants are percieved and can be circumvented by creative individuals |
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Term
| Problems with using the Executives, Managers, Analyst model for Organization Levels presented in the text |
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Definition
-The levels are really job titles and do not identidy decision making levels
-The EIS, DSS, and TPS programs are not used exclusively by the 3 levels
-The success of a business is not related to the levels used in the model
-Using analyst as a lower level contradicts analytical processes as a higher level |
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Term
| Problems with Input-Processing-Output-Storage-Communication computer model |
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Definition
| Most peripherals functionally operate in several of these categories |
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Term
| Components of a computer system |
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Definition
-Processor
-Memory
-Data buses
-Address bus
-Peripherals |
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Term
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Definition
| -Selects and enables a particular data location in memory |
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Term
| Reason for managers to understand binary |
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Definition
| Binary is the foundation for all computing today |
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Term
| Similarities between binary and decimal numbering systems |
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Definition
-Both capable of representing all numbers to infinity
-Successive columns are represented by increasingly higher powers of the base
-Numbers are represented by multiplying the value in the column by the column value
-Counting in both systems uses a repetitive pattern of numbers |
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Term
| Choice to use binary in computing |
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Definition
| Based upon an engineering decision to use a simple, 2-position switch |
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Term
| Used to represend binary numbers in the wires of a computer |
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Definition
-Voltage between 1-2v represents a "1"
-Voltage between 4-5v represents a "0" |
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Term
| Cause of archaic input-processing-output-storage model |
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Definition
| Paper data entry cards with punched holes used to inout data |
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Term
| Used to store data on all magnetic media |
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Definition
| Small metal particles charged with polarity record binary data |
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Term
| Why are alternating sectors skipped over when handling data on circular magnetic media? |
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Definition
| Allows for data to be transferred to and correctly arranged in memory |
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Term
| Significance of a large number of file fragments existing on a magnetic hard drive |
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Definition
| The read/write head swing arm assembly retrieves these causing wear and premature failure |
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Term
| Why is data on hard drives stored in cylinders? |
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Definition
| Faster to switch between read/write heads than to move the swing arm |
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Term
| Greatest packing density on a magnetic tape drive |
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Definition
| -6250 characters/in, bytes/in, bits/in, numbers/in |
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Term
| Problem using parity as an error detection method |
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Definition
| On average, it detects about 50% of the changed bits |
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Term
| Significance to the manager of the technique used to store data on comercially prepared CD's |
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Definition
| Because they are punched or stamped, they are cost effective only in relatively large quanitites |
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Term
| How data is stored on optical media |
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Definition
| The di-electric layer is permanantly modified resulting in very long storage capability |
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Term
| Advantage of using Blu-ray |
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Definition
| Wavelenth is amller so larger amounts can be stored on a single disc compared to a CD or DVD |
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Term
| Closely associated with solid state drives |
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Definition
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Term
| Unnecessary, detrimental operation on a solid state drive |
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Definition
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Term
| Not appropriate for archiving data |
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Definition
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Term
| Value of using a LASER to store and retrieve optical media |
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Definition
| Due to the ability to focus the light beam, the data storage layer can be permanantly modified |
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Term
| Most closely associated with and impacted by a change in wavelength |
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Definition
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Term
| Changing the sound level to be much louder impacts... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it not possible for AM station to broadcast stereo music |
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Definition
| Insufficient bandwidth for these stations to broadcast in stereo |
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Term
| Why is the 200khz frequency allocation by the FCC for FM stations wasteful? |
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Definition
| The bandwidth actually used by most FM station broadcasts is only 40,000hz |
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Term
| What does bandwidth have to do with communication between computers? |
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Definition
| Computers transmit data on phone lines with limited bandwidth allocation |
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Term
| Why are 4 seperate frquencies used to transmit data between computers? |
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Definition
| The 2 binary signals from each computers requires a seperate frequency |
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Term
| Purpose of the 1khz guard band allocated to landline phone transmissions |
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Definition
| Transmission of 2 channels are protected against interference |
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Term
| Required when IT informs a manager that more data bandwidth is needed |
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Definition
| More phone lines to provide for greater total available bandwidth |
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Term
| Boundary encountered by a LAN |
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Definition
| The physical walls or extremeties of the building |
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Term
| Network layout not associated with a physical boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| Accomplished by a router on a typical network |
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Definition
| Data intended for all destination addresses is handled by this device |
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Term
| Advantages of a Collapsed Backbone Network |
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Definition
-Use of fiber optic cable provides for much greater bandwidth
-Locaing the servers in one place facilitates monitoring the network
-The need to phsically go to the network site is greatly reduced
-Labor and service related costs are greatly reduced |
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Term
| Purpose of a transceiver when using fiber optic cable to transmit data |
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Definition
| Electricity in the wires is converted into light in the fiber optic cable |
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Term
| Feature of data packets that suggests innappropriate use of the internet is subject to detection |
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Definition
| The source and destination address is included in all transmitted data packets |
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Term
| Most easily accessed by an unauthorized end user |
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Definition
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Term
| Used to provide some measure of security for wireless data transmission |
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Definition
-WEP
-WAP
-WAP 2
-Encryption |
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Term
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Definition
| Trademark name of the IEEE 801.1xx organization |
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Term
| Causes propagation delay encourntered by satellite data transmission |
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Definition
| The distance from the ground to the satellite to the ground and back is very long, even at light speed |
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Term
| Easiest and most accessible way to gain access to a company's network |
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Definition
| Retrieving dicarded computer manuals from company dumpsters |
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Term
| Reason finding hackers in the Stealth fighter program was difficult |
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Definition
| Because by owning multiple servers, the multiple 32 bit IP address was too large to backtrack |
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Term
| Managers need be aware of networking characteristics and approaches used to hack systems because... |
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Definition
-Company policies need to address these issues to protect valuable info
-Awareness facilitates more effective decision making
-Better equipped to interact with IT personnel
-Better understand reasons for IT policy |
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Term
| Believes the internet should be free and accessible to everyone |
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Definition
| John Perry Barlow, former writer for the Grateful Dead and EFF founder |
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Term
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Definition
-Random-Access Memory:
- Form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order, and from any physical location
-Volatile: Contents lost when device is powered off
-Allows computer to read data quickly to run appliations; allows reading and writing |
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Term
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Definition
-Read-Only Memory:
- Form of data storage that cannot be easily altered or reprogrammed
-Non volatile: Contents are retained even when the device power is off
-Stores the promgram initially required to boot the computer; only allows reading
Types:
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM |
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Term
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Definition
-Programmable Read-Only Memory
-Fuses are physically burnt out to denote a "0" and those remaining with voltages of 1-2 denote a "1"
-Data is stored permanantly
-Non volatile |
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Term
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Definition
-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
-Memory chip that retains data when power supply is cut off
-Array of floating gate transistors, each programmed by an electronic device that supplies higher voltages than normally used in circuits
-Can be erased by exposure to UV light
-Transparent fused quartz window allows for UV exposure
-Must be removed for erasing, programming |
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Term
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Definition
-Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
-Store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed
-Can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly thru the application of higher than normal electrical voltage generated internally or externally
-Can be programmed/erased in-circuit
-Frequently reprogrammaed while the computer is in use, so its life must be considered |
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Term
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Definition
-Solid State Drive
-Uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data
-Uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output hard disk drives
-No moving components(swing arm, spinning disk)
-Less succeptable to phsical shock, are silent, and have lower access time and latency compared to other electromagnetic disks
-Most are now flash based and is non volatile
-Can be constructed from RAM if application requires fast access, but not necessarily persistence after power loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Designed for problems that usually require alot of calculation
-More than 10x the speed and data capactiy than any computer of the time |
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Term
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Definition
-Servers or stand alone machines used for bulk data processing
-Large computers |
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Term
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Definition
-Formerly inexpensive and could do tasks such as translate language or code
-Evolved into server somewhat |
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Term
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Definition
-Amplitude Modulation (Narrowband)
-Each station allocated 10,000hz of bandwidth by the FCC |
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Term
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Definition
-Frequency Modulation (Broadband)
-200khz broadband is allocated to stations, which is wasteful because they typically only use about 40,000hz, or 4khz.
-440hz: Concert A
60hz: Motors
15hz: Human hearing
8hz: Audio speakers |
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Term
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Definition
-Local Area Network
-Designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as an office building, school, or home |
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Term
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Definition
-Wide Area Network
-Spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province, or country
-Has no limits |
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Term
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Definition
-Metropolitan Area Network
-Large computer network, usually spanning a city |
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Term
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Definition
-Storage Area Network
-Network that provides access to consolodated, block level data storage
-Primarily used to make storage devices(tape libraries, opitical jukeboxes) accessable to servers so that devices appear like locally attached devices to the operating system
-Typically has its own network of storage devices not accessible through the LAN by other devices |
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Term
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Definition
-Backbone Network
-Wide variety; connecting |
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Term
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Definition
-Requires a seperate backbone cable to which backbone access devices are connected
-These devices connect to their respective LANs |
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Term
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Definition
-Devices used to access the backbone are connected to each other in a series
-EX: Each floor of a building has a different ring to which the computers are connected. Each floor's ring connects to the building's backbone |
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Term
| Distributed Backbone Network |
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Definition
-Traditional LAN backbone
-Backbone transmission media is shared among all devices connected to backbone
-All transmissions placed on backbone networks by a device are transmitted to all devices similarly connected to the network
-Extended transmission channel to which multiple backbone access devices are connected, providing individual LANs access to backbone
-Most have bus or ring topography |
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Term
| Issues with the Distributed(traditional) Backbone Network Model |
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Definition
-Requires creating a backbone with sufficient bandwidth to meet the needs of all potential users
-Must be able to simultaneously serve all attached LANs
-Traffic on each LAN must be kept seperate from the backbone network traffic through the use of backbone access devices(bridges,routers), limiting amount of traffic the backbone will carry
-Backbone's bandwidth is reserved for communications between bridges and routers |
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Term
| Collapsed Backbone Network |
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Definition
-Individual central devices are connected in a star pattern to a central device
-This device centralizes backbone network services(collapsed into single box)
-Network traffic does not have to be sent to all other connected devices
-Transmissions can be sent from source to destination by central devices without having to pass thru several |
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Term
| Issues With the Collapsed Backbone Network Model |
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Definition
| -Central device becomes backbone and if it stops or there are issues recieving, the network crashes |
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Term
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Definition
-Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-mode network
-When packeted, the bitrate of the communication can better be shared among network users
-Used in Xerox Ethernet Bus format |
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Term
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Definition
-Hacker who violates computer security with malicious intent or for personal gain
-Break into secure networks to destroy data or make it unusable for network users |
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Term
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Definition
-Programs that try username and password combinations to gain access to a target account
-Has the most dangerous intent for their intrusive activities |
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Term
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Definition
-Breaks security for non malicious reasons; to test their systems or working for a company who needs intensive security assurance
-Perform penetration and vulnerability tests |
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Term
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Definition
-Attempting to acquire info such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by acting like a trustworthy entity in the media
-Usually carried out by emailing or IMing |
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Term
| Hierarchical Database Model |
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Definition
EX: ROOT(TX State)
-Registrar
-Housing
-UPD
-No interconnection between the divisions
-Very redundant because the same info was input many times
-Low integrity |
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Term
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Definition
-All divisions use database information from others, creating a "plate of spagehetti"
-Exceedingly complex
-Programmer dependent |
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Term
| 2 ways to format fields in databases |
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Definition
-Fixed field length
-Variable field length |
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Term
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Definition
-If all fields are the same length, alot of space is wasted
-Each field lenth is set and an end of field indicator is located after each set of fields |
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Term
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Definition
-Field length varies depending on the length of entries and an end of field indicator is located after each field
-Changes create issues with fragmentation so it is better to use when the data is not going to change
-Most efficient because field lenths are only as long as the amount of characters, creating less waste |
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Term
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Definition
Row, Column, Page
EX: Row(Last Name)
Column(First Name)
Page(Zip Code) |
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Term
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Definition
(Bottom) -Knowledge: Can define terms
-Comprehension: Solve problems
-Application: Recognizes methods used to solve problem
-Analysis: Explain why the solution process works
-Evalutaion: Can create variety of ways to solve problem and select best solution method
-Synthesis:Combines parts of the process in new/useful ways
(Top) |
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Term
| Where all information resides |
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Definition
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Term
| Model For All Magnetic Media |
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Definition
-Layer of mylar(metallic) plastic above a non-ferrus substrate
-The mylar is "rusted" with CrO2 and FeO2, giving off a polar charge
-This is then run under an electromagnet and converts polarity into either "1" or "0"
-Data is then transferred from the read/write head assembly through the data bus to memory |
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Term
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Definition
-Sequential Access Storage Device
-All data is recorded in a particular order and must be accessed in sequence
-When accessing, all or most of the data will be modified
-Used in utility, oceanographic exploration or for the CERN collider |
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Term
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Definition
-Direct Access Storage Device
-Modifies only small portion of data
-Requires direct access
-Used in personal computing, on systems at HEB or in stock trade |
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Term
| Terms regarding data tables |
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Definition
-Matrix: Table: Array: Entity Class
-Row: Records: Tuples
-Columns: Fields: Attributes
-Cell: Entity |
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Term
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Definition
-How data is represented in a computer
-Was an engineering decision to use binary
-Base 2 is primarily used |
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Term
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Definition
-Base 2
-1 Byte= 8 Bits
-1 Nybble= 4 Bits |
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Term
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Definition
-American Standard Code for Information Exchange
-Character encoding scheme |
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Term
| Business Success Triangle |
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Definition
| -People use information technology to work with data |
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Term
| Relational Database Model |
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Definition
-Concept of a table in which all data is stored
-Made up of records and fields
-Complexities of hierarchical models are avoided because when entries are updated, no extensive knowledge of how the data is structured in the database is needed, only table or field names
-Data manipulated on the basis of the data values themselves |
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Term
| Characteristics of Quality Information |
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Definition
-Accuracy
-Completeness
-Consistency
-Uniqueness
-Timeliness |
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Term
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Definition
| -A group or field that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table |
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Term
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Definition
| -A primary key for one table that appears as an attribute for another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among 2 tables |
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Term
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Definition
-(Row, column, page)
-Adding dimensions is adding pages |
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Term
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Definition
| -Deals with the physical storage of information, the way it is on the screen |
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Term
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Definition
| -How the end user percieves information |
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