Term
pervasive computing
ubiquitous computing |
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Definition
| few aspects of daily life remain untouched by computers |
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Term
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Definition
| inexpensive personal computers |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing about and understanding computers and their uses |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional appliances with some type of built in computer or communications tech that allows them to be controlled by the user via telephone/internet |
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Term
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Definition
| an alternative to traditional classroom learning in which students participate from their own location |
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Term
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Definition
| accessing school stuff through mobile phones |
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Term
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Definition
| small self service computer based stations that provide information to the public |
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Term
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Definition
| retail stores to help checkout |
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Term
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Definition
| retail store customers scan own purchases |
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Term
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Definition
| keep in touch electronically with others |
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Term
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Definition
| programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, presents the results, and stores the data/results as needed |
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Term
4 primary operations of a computer
(IPOS cycle/information processing cycle) |
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Definition
1. input- entering the data
2. processing- performing operations on the data
3. output- presenting the results
4. storage- saving data/programs/output for future use |
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Term
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Definition
| sending/retrieving data via the internet, accessing info located in a shared company database, exchanging emails |
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Term
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Definition
| any kind of fact/set of facts |
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Term
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Definition
| when data is processed into a meaningful form |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of data into information |
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Term
| precomputers and early computers |
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Definition
abacus- earliest recorded calculating device
slide rule
mechanical calculator
Hollerith's punch card tabulating machine and sorter-->IBM |
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Term
| first generation computers |
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Definition
enormous
powered by vacuum tubes (glass tubes that look similar to large cylindrical light bulbs)
could solve only one problem at a time
replaced constantly
lots of electricity
generated lots of heat
ex:ENIAC- worlds first large scale, general purpose computer
UNIVAC- u.s census bureau to analyze votes |
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Term
| second generation computers |
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Definition
transitor- small device made of semiconductor material that acts like a switch to open/close electronic circuits
smaller, less expensive, more power and energy effecicent, more reliable
programs and data were input on punch cards and magnetic tape
magnetic hard drives and programming languages (FORTRAN and COBOL) |
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Term
| third generation computers |
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Definition
intergrated circuits- incorportate many transitors and electronic circuits on a single tiny silicon chip
even smaller and more reliable
keyboards and monitors
magnetic hard drives for storage |
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Term
| fourth generation computers |
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Definition
increasing number of transitors on a single chip
microprocessor- contains core processing capabilities of an entire computer on a single chip
computer networks, wireless tech, internet |
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Term
| fifth generation computers |
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Definition
artifical intelligence
optical computers- process data using light
nanotechnology |
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Term
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Definition
| physical parts of a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| instructions/programs used with a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| located inside the main box/system unit of the computer |
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Term
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Definition
| located outside the system unit and connected via a wired/wireless connection |
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Term
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Definition
input data into the computer
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanners, digital cameras, digital pens/styluses, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, joysticks |
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Term
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Definition
central processing unit
computer chip located inside the system unit that performs the calculations and comparisons needed for processing; controls computer
s operations; "brain" |
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Term
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Definition
| additional chips located inside the system unit that the computer uses to store data and instructions while it is working with them |
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Term
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Definition
accepts processed data from the computer and presents the results to the user
monitor, printer, speaker, headphones, headsets, data projectors |
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Term
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Definition
cd/dvd drives, flash memory card readers
store data on/access data from storage media
hard drive/usb flash drive- includes storage device and medium in a single piece of hardware
save data, program settings, or output for future use
insalled or attached or accessed |
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Term
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Definition
| allow users to communicate electronically with others and to access remote information |
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Term
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Definition
| connect a computer to the internet |
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Term
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Definition
| connect a computer to a computer network |
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Term
| web based software/software as a service/cloud computing |
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Definition
| running programs directly from the internet without installing them on the computer |
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Term
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Definition
| the programs that allow a computer to operate |
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Term
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Definition
main system software
starts up the computer and control its operation
setting up new hardware, allowing to run other software, allowing to manage documents stored on the computer
*without one cant function!
windows, mac os, linux |
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Term
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Definition
| part of computer's operating system is loaded into memory, quick diagnostic of itself, launches any programs designated to run at start up |
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Term
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Definition
| basic workspace for computers running the windows operating system |
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Term
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Definition
programs designed to allow people to perform specific tasks using a computer
launched via the operating system |
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Term
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Definition
| basic, visual basic, cobol, c++, java, python |
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Term
| markup and scripting languages |
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Definition
html, xhtml, javascript
used to create web pages |
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Term
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Definition
| predetermined steps to be carried out in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the people who use computers to perform tasks or obtain information |
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Term
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Definition
computers professionals who write the programs that computers use
system analysis- design computer systems for their companies
computer operation personnel- responsible for day to day computer operations at a company
security specialists- securing computers and networks against hackers |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny computers embedded into produxts to perform specific functions/tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| mobile phones and other small personal devices that contain built-in computing/internet capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| fully functioning portable/desktop computers that are designed to be used by a single user at a time |
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Term
midrange servers
mini computer
midrange computer |
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Definition
computers that host data and program s avaliable to a small group of users
medium sized computer to host programs and data for a small network
larger, more powerful, more expensive
located out of the way |
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Term
mainframe computers
high end servers
enterprise-class servers |
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Definition
powerful computers used to host a large amount of data and programs available to a wide group of users
high electricity costs |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely powerful computers used for complex computations and processing |
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Term
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Definition
| conventional personal computers that are designed to fit on or next to a desk |
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Term
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Definition
| system unit that is designed to sit vertically |
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Term
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Definition
| placed horixontally on a desk's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates monitor and system unit into a single piece of hardware |
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Term
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Definition
| computers that are designed to be carried around easily |
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Term
| notebook computers/laptop computers |
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Definition
| size of a paper and open to reveal a screen |
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Term
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Definition
| notebook sized computers that are designed to be used with a digital pen/stylus |
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Term
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Definition
| one piece computers with just a screen and no keyboard |
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Term
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Definition
| clamshell design but top half can be rotated |
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Term
| netbooks/ mini-laptops/ ultraportable computers |
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Definition
| smaller, lighter, less expensive |
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Term
| ultra mobile pcs (umpcs)/ handheld computers |
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Definition
small enough to fit in one hand, smaller, lighter
special docking stations |
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Term
| thin client/ network computer |
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Definition
designed to be used in conjunction with a company network
programs are typically accessed from and data is stored on a network server
advantage- lower cost, increased security, easier maintenance
disadvantage- limited/no local storage, cant function as stand alone computer when network isnt working
used to provide employees with access to network apps and provide internet to the public |
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Term
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Definition
| network computers for accessing web pages and exchaning emails |
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Term
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Definition
contains hardware necessary to provide the complete processing power of one personal computer
easier to expand and upgrade than traditional servers, have lower overall power and cooling costs, more secure |
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Term
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Definition
| thin client designed specifically to access a blade server |
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Term
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Definition
trend
creating virtual versions of a computing resource
fulfill computing needs with fewer servers--> reduced costs for hardware and server management, lower power and cooling costs
increased efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
most powerful and most expensive
extraordinary speed, accuracy, processing capabilities
connecting hundreds of smaller and less expensive computers into a supercomputing cluster that acts a single supercomputer
ex:roadrunner ibm |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of computers and other devices that are connected together to enable users to share hardware, software, and data and to communicate electronically with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| largest and most well known computer network in the world |
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Term
| internet service provider |
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Definition
| a company that provides internet access |
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Term
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Definition
| when isp's are continually connected to a larger network, then is connected to one of the major high speed networks within a country-->backbone network--> form the internet |
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Term
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Definition
| a collecton of documents called web pages available through the internet |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of web pages that belong to one individual/company |
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Term
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Definition
| stored on computers (web servers) that are continually connected to the internet and can be accessed at any time by anyone with a computer and an internet connection |
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Term
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Definition
web pages are viewed with it
internet explorer, chrome, safari, opera, firefox |
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Term
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Definition
| computer is continually connected to the isp's computer |
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Term
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Definition
| start program that will dial and connect to the isp's server via a telephone line then open a web browser |
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Term
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Definition
unique numeric/ text based address
ip address, domain names (identify computers), urls (identify web pages), email addresses (identify people) |
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Term
| ip address and domain names |
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Definition
| identify computers available through the internet |
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Term
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Definition
far right part of the domain name
identifies the type of organization/location |
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Term
| uniform resource locators (urls) |
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Definition
uniquely identifies a specific web page
http
https- secure web pages
file transfer- upload and downnload files |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates the type of web page that will be displayed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
harmful programs that can be installed on our computers without our knowledge
causes damage to the infected computer
can be attached to a program |
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Term
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Definition
| malicious software program designed to change the way a computer operates |
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Term
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Definition
| someone else uses your identity |
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Term
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Definition
| fake emails masquerading as lefitimate businesses to obtain personal info |
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Term
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Definition
| represent data and programs in a manner that can be understood by the computer |
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Term
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Definition
most digital computers
only understand 2 states (0,1) |
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Term
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Definition
0,1
the smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize |
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Term
| digital data representation |
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Definition
| representing data in a form that can be understood by a digital computer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
kilobyte- 1000 bytes
megabyte- a million bytes
gigabyte- 1 billion bytes
terabyte- 1 trillion bytes
petabyte- 1000 terabytes
exabyte- 1000 petabytes
zettabyte- 1000 exabytes
yottabyte- 1000 zettabytes |
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Term
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Definition
uses 10 symbols to represent all possible numbers
base number raised to 10 |
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Term
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Definition
way of representing numbers
base number raised to 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| text based data represented by binary coding system specifcally developed for text based data |
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Term
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Definition
coding system traditionally used with personal computers
7 bit code
extended= 8 bits |
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Term
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Definition
ibm
use with mainframes
extended- 8 bits |
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Term
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Definition
universal international coding standard designed to represent textbased data written in any ancient/modern language
uniquely identifies each characters using 0 and 1
longer code
used worldwide consistently
quickly replacing ascii as primary text coding system
unicode 5.2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| image comprised of a grid of small dots (pixels) that are colored to represent an image |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
song or sound
must be in digital form to be stored on a storage medium or processed by a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| played using a collection of frames, each frame contains a still image |
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Term
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Definition
| before executing any program instruction, must convert the instruction into a binary code |
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Term
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Definition
main case of a computer
houses processing hardware for the computer |
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Term
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Definition
| the main circuit board inside the system unit |
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Term
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Definition
| thin board containing computer chips |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of electronic circuits containing microscopic pathways along which electrical current can travel |
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Term
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Definition
| switches controlling the flow of electrons along the pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| special connector exposed through the exterior of the system unit case |
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Term
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Definition
| inside the system unit into which storage devices can be inserted and secured |
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Term
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Definition
variety of circuitry and components that are packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard
does the vast majority of the processing for a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| cpus that contain the processing components or cores of multiple independent processors on a single cpu |
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Term
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Definition
cpu clock speed
megahertz/gigahertz |
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Term
| another measure of overall processing speed |
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Definition
max number of instructions the cpu can process per second
megaflops/gigaflops/teraflops |
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Term
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Definition
| run the same series of programs on several computer systems that are identical except for one component and measure how long each task takes in order to determine the overall relative performance of the component being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of data that a cpu can manipulate at one time |
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Term
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Definition
special group of very fast memory circuitry located on or close to the cpu
used to speed up processing by storing the data and instructions that may be needed next by the cpu in handy locations
more cache memory = faster processing |
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Term
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Definition
| built right into the cpu chip |
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Term
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Definition
located close to the cpu
less common |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic path over which data can travel |
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Term
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Definition
| number of wires in the bus over which data can travel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
content is erased when power to the memory ceases
ram
cache memory
registers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
main memory
used to store the essential parts of the operating system while the computer is running and the programs and data that the computer is currently using
electronic circuits etched onto chips
measured in bytes
amount depends on cpu and operating system being used
store critical data for enterprise systems as they operate to guard against data loss and sdaving the data necessary to help industrial automation and robotics systems recover quickly from a power loss |
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of chips onto a circuit board |
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Term
| dual channel memory architecture |
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Definition
| 2 paths that go to and from memory and so it can transfer twice as much data at one time as a single channel memory architecture of the same speed |
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Term
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Definition
magnetic ram - magnetic polarization rather than an electrical charge to store data
memristor based ram - memristors that change their resistance in response to current flowing through them
pram- special coating that changes its physical state when heat is applied
nram- carbon nanotubes |
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Term
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Definition
high speed memory built into the cpu
store data and intermediary results temporarily during processing
fastest type of memory |
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Term
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Definition
nonvolatile chips that permanently store data/programs
attached to the motherboard inside the system unit and data is retrieved when needed
cant write over rom chips or erase their content
used for storing permanent instructions-- firmware |
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Term
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Definition
nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage
built into many types of devices |
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Term
| cooling down the system unit |
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Definition
fans
heat sinks
water cooling systems
notebook cooling stand
ion pump cooling system- future |
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Term
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Definition
locations on the motherboard into which expansion cards can be inserted to connect those cards to the motherboard
gives additional capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| notebook and netbook computers |
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Term
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Definition
the buses that connect peripheral devices to the motherboard
connect directly to ports on the system unit case/expansion slots on the motherboard |
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Term
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Definition
| the bus used to connect the cpu to ram |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the cpu to the chipset that connects the cpu to the rest of the bus architecture |
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Term
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Definition
expansion bus
extremely fast
used with mini bus |
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Term
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Definition
| allows 127 different devices to connect |
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Term
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Definition
high speed bus standard developed by apple for connecting devices (multimedia ones)
relatively fast |
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Term
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Definition
connect a monitor to a computer
vga connector
dvi
hdmi |
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Term
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Definition
connect a computer to a computer network via a networking cable
rj-45 |
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Term
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Definition
| connect a computer to a phone outlet |
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Term
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Definition
connect usb devices
usb hub |
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Term
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Definition
connect firewire devices to the computer
firewire hub |
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Term
| keyboard ports and mouse ports |
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Definition
| connect with a ps/2 connector |
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Term
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Definition
| high speed parallel ports sometimes used to attach printers, scanners, and hard drives |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| irda ports and bluetooth ports |
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Definition
receive wireless transmissions from devices
no plug
"beam" data |
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Term
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Definition
| connect flash media cards or other hardware using a flash media interface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connect speakers or a microphone |
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Term
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Definition
| connect external sata devices |
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Term
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Definition
| computer automatically configures new devices as soon as they are installed and the computer is powered up |
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Term
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Definition
| can be plugged into their respective ports while the computer is powered up |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the communication between the cpu cores and ram |
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Term
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Definition
| section of the cpu core that performs arithmetic and logical operations |
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Term
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Definition
| arithmetic requiring decimals |
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Term
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Definition
coordinates and controls the operations and activities taking place within a cpu core
directs the flow of electronic traffic within the core |
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Term
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Definition
orders data and instructions from cache or ram based on the current task
tries to predict what data and instructions will be needed and retrieves them ahead of time in order to help avoid delays in processing |
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Term
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Definition
| number of transistors per square inch on chips doubles every 2 years since the integrated circuit was invented |
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Term
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Definition
| takes the instructions fetched by the prefetch unit and translates them into a form that can be understood by the control unit, alu, and fpu |
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Term
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Definition
| allows the core to communicate with other cpu components |
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Term
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Definition
a small quartz crystal located on the motherboard
synchronize all of a computer's operations
sends out a signal on a regular basis to all other computer components |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of basic machine language commands that the cpu can understand is broken down into microcode |
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Term
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Definition
| each signal is referred to as |
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Term
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Definition
| number of cycles per second is measured |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to process multiple instructions per cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| whenever the cpu processes a single piece of microcode |
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Term
| phases of the machine cycle |
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Definition
1. fetch- program instruction is fetched
2. decode- the instructions are decoded so the control unit, alu, and fpu can understand them
3. execute- the instructions are carried out
4. store- the original data or the result from the alu of fpu execution is stored in the cpu's registers |
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Term
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Definition
| the capability of a cpu to begin processing a new instruction as soon as the previous instruction completes the first stage of the machine cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| where each processor or core typically works on a different job |
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Term
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Definition
| where multiple processors or cores work together to make one single job finish sooner |
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Term
| hyper threading technology |
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Definition
| a technology developed by intel to enable software to treat a single processing core as two cores |
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Term
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Definition
| creating computer components, machines, and other structures that are less than 100 nanometers in size |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny, hollow tubes made up of carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| applies the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to computers |
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Term
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Definition
uses light to perform digital computations
opto-electronic computer |
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Term
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Definition
| mix of optical and electronic components |
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Term
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Definition
process of sending optical information among computers and other electronic devices using standard silicon manufacturing techniques
converging photonics and electronics |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a cpu to process one trillion floating point operations per second |
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Term
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Definition
| increading number of components onto small chips |
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Term
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Definition
the hardware where data is actually stored
in inserted into its corresponding storage device in order to be read from or written to |
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Term
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Definition
internal, external, or remote
requires no additional disk space and are usually faster vs easily transported and stored vs accessed over a network from any computer |
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Term
random access
direct access |
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Definition
data can be retrieved directly from any location on the storage medium in any order
cd/dvd drives, usb flash drives |
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Term
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Definition
media that allows random access
storage system can locate each piece of stored data at a unique address which is determined by the computer system |
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Term
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Definition
data can only be retrieved in the order in which it is physically stored on the medium
magnetic tape drive |
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Term
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Definition
| anything stored on a storage medium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
during the storage process
used to retrieve the file when it is needed at a later time |
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Term
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Definition
to help keep files organized, related documents are stored in
aka directories
located on the storage medium |
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Term
| logical file representation |
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Definition
| view a documement stored as one complete unit in a particular folder on a particular drive |
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Term
| physical file representation |
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Definition
| access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location |
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Term
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Definition
conventional hard drives
data (o and 1) is represented using different magnetic alignments
can change the magnetic alignment when needed |
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Term
| flash memory storage systems |
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Definition
| represent data using electronis |
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Term
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Definition
| store most programs and data |
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Term
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Definition
located inside the system unit
not intended to be repaired/replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| connect by a usb or firewire port and are frequently used for additional storage, to move files between computers, and for backup purposes |
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Term
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Definition
automatically encrypts all data stored on the hard drive and protects access to the hard drive with a secure password
built in fingerprint reader |
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Term
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Definition
| data is written to magnetic hard disks by read/write heads as 0s and 1s |
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Term
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Definition
uses flash memory
for faster operation
stored on electrical charges
have no moving parts
not subject to mechanical failures |
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Term
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Definition
surface of a hard disk
concentric rings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| record where each file is physically stored on the hard drive and what filename the user has assigned to it |
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Term
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Definition
collection of one particular track
area on all of the hard disks inside a hard drive that can be accessed without moving the read/write access mechanism |
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Term
| longitudinal magnetic recording |
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Definition
| particles on a hard disk have been arranged horizontally, parallel to the hard disk's surface |
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Term
| perpendicular magnetic recording |
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Definition
increase capacity and reliability
bits are placed upright to allow them to be closer together than is possible with a horizontal layout |
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Term
| heat assisted magnetic recording |
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Definition
uses lasers to temporarily heat the surface of the hard disks when storing data in order to pack more data onto the surface than is normally possible
future technique |
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Term
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Definition
| when the read/write head touches the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| when hard drives containing critical data become damaged |
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Term
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Definition
total time it takes for a hard drive to read or write data
about 8.5 milliseconds |
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Term
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Definition
| move read/write heads to the cylinder that contains (or will contain) the desired data |
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Term
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Definition
| rotate the hard disks into the proper position so that the read/write heads are located over the part of the cylinder to be used |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stores copies of data/programs that are located on the hard drive and that might be needed soon in memory chips in order to avoid having to retrieve the data/programs from the hard drive when they are requested
saves wear and tear
extend battery life |
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Term
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Definition
combo of flash memory and magnetic hard drive
temp store data to be written to the hard disks
further extend battery life |
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Term
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Definition
| divide the physical capacity of a sinle hard drive logically into separate areas (partitions/volumes) |
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Term
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Definition
| each partition is laveled and treated separately when viewed in a file management program but they are still physically one hard drive |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the data necessary to restore a hard drive back to its state at the time the computer was purchased and is designed to be used only if the computer malfunctions |
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Term
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Definition
| user specifies the operating system to be run each time the computer boot |
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Term
| reasons for hard drive partitioning |
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Definition
dual boot systems
separate hard drives for file management, multiple users, etc. |
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