Term
| two major functions of the circ system |
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Definition
| acceptss oxygen, nutrients from respiratory and digestive systems and delivers them to cells. Also accepts carbon dioxide and wastes from cells and delivers them to respiratory and urinary systems for disposal. |
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Term
| how does an open circ. system work? |
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Definition
| heart pumps blood through vessel. Blood then moves into tissue spaces and mingles with fluid bathing cells. Blood reenters heart at openings in heart wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| heart pumps blood through a vessel which branches into smaller and smaller vessels. blood stays in vessels and interacts with cells through diffusion. blood re-enters heart at through returning vessels. |
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Term
| in closed circ. system, volume of blood flowing through vessels always equal to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| velocity is highest in large or small diameter vessels? |
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Definition
| large-diameter transport vessels |
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Term
| flow velocity is slowest in.. |
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Definition
| capillary beds (small diameter blood vessels) due to higher surface area |
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Term
| why do capillaries need to move fluids slower? |
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Definition
| allows enough time for blood to exchange substances with interstitial fluids and cells |
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Term
| during any interval there is the same volume of blood in (blank) as is the rest of the body: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| two chanbered heart circ. system: oxygen poor blood is pumped to |
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Definition
| the gills, where they pick up oxygen |
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Term
| in a two chambered heart circ. system, oxygen rish blood flows: |
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Definition
| directly from gills to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| three chambered heart circ. syste pumps blood through two circuits that are... |
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Definition
| partially seperate circuits |
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Term
| in amphibians and reptiles, oxygen poor blood is pumped to.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in amphibians, oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs to the... |
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Definition
| heart and mixes with oxygen poor blood before pumped to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| four chambered hearts pump blood through how many cicuits? seperate or not? |
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Definition
| two entirely seperate circuits |
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Term
| in mammals oxygen poor blood is pumped to.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in mammals, oxygen rich blood is pumped... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of tissue is blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the main functions of blood? |
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Definition
| transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells |
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Term
| blood helps stabilize internal.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what percentage of body weight does blood make up? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the four components of blood? |
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Definition
| plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| solvent, pH regulation, clotting, lipid, transport, dissolved gases, etc |
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Term
| main function of red blood cells |
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Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide transport |
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Term
| main function of white blood cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
| main funciton of platelets |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of blood cells are the most numerous? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| colored by red oxygen-binding pigment hemoglobin. |
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Term
| what type of bc have no nucleus when mature? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens to rbc after they die? |
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Definition
| they are digested by phagocytes in the blood stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| bone marrow (from stem cells within it) |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells in bone marrow |
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Term
| what are the five types of white blood celss |
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Definition
| basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Nk cells |
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Term
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Definition
| roles in inflammatory response to invasions and damags tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| fast-acting phagocytes, roles in inflammatory response to invasions and damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| (t and b cells) respond to specific threats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| destroy viral infested and cancerous cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound cell fragments |
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Term
| where do platelets come from? |
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Definition
| shed by megakaryocytes, which are deveoped from bone marrow. |
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Term
| how long do platelets live? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do platelets initiate clotting? |
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Definition
| they release a substance that initiates the clotting. |
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Term
| why is blood seperated into types? |
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Definition
| different types have different recognition proteins on their plasma membrane surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of recognition marker |
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Term
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Definition
| another type of recognition marker |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| which is the universal recipient |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is the universal donor? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Agglutination reaction occurs when |
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Definition
| someone is given an incompatible blood type. |
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Term
| what happens during an aglutination reaction? |
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Definition
| antibodies in recipients blood are circulating throughout, if come into contact with blood with wrong recognition protein then act against them and cause them to clump together. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on presence or absebce of Rh marker on red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what effect does Rh blood type have on preganent mothers? |
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Definition
| if mother is Rh- and has previously carried Rh+ child then she may have made antibodies against the Rh marker. If she gets pregnant again with an Rh+ baby, her body might attack it. |
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Term
| what factors have to be present in order for Rh blood type to have an effect on a pregnant mother? |
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Definition
| the mother has to be Rh-, the father Rh+, and must have two children that are Rh+ |
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Term
| how can the Rh blood typing of mothers and babies be corrected? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how does anit-Rh gamma globulin work? |
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Definition
| inactivates any Rh+ fetal blood cells before mom can develop antibodies against them. |
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Term
| the top portion of the human heart is called the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the bottom portion of the human heart is called the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the right atria recieves blood from the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the left atria recieves blood from the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| right ventricle pumps blood to the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the left ventricle pumps blood to the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| each half of the heart pumps blood into a different circuit. They are the... |
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Definition
| pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygenates blood, blood flows from heart to lungs and returns to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| circulates throughout body, blood flows from heart to body and returns to heart |
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Term
| Blood flow through the pulmonary circuit |
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Definition
| oxygen poor blood flows to the RA, oxygen porr blood pumped from the RV into pulmonary trunk, pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries, pukmonary arteries to capillary beds in left and right lungs, blood becomes oxygenated, oxygenated blood flows through pulmonary veins to LA of heart. |
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Term
| blood flow through systemic circuit |
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Definition
| oxygenated blood flows from LA to LV,then to aorta, then to thoracic organs or organs of the head (brain), deoxygenated blood flows back to RA |
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Term
| hepatic portal system (HPS) |
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Definition
| capillaries carry blood from intetstine to liver where blood is detoxified before being delivered to other partss of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| connects right atrium to right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects right ventricle to pulmonary trunk |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects heart to pulmonary arteries, which take blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| partition between hearts two valves |
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Term
|
Definition
| returns oxygenated blood to heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects left ventricle to aortic arch |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| superior and inferior vena cava |
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Definition
| deoxygenated blood returns to heart (right atrium) |
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Term
| each time the heart beats, it goes through these two phases: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| when atria contracts (ventricles relax) and.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricles contracting, atria relaxing |
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Term
|
Definition
| atria contracting, ventricles relaxing |
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Term
| in cardiac muscle, what facillitates action potentials? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of cardiac muscles don't contract? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the muscles of the heart that don't contract act as a |
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Definition
| cardiac conduction system |
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Term
| how often does the cardian conduction system initiate waves of excitation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the waves (from the cardiac conduction system) start |
|
Definition
| sinoactrial node in right atrium |
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Term
| the wave from the sinoatrial node spreads from the right atrium to |
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Definition
| the left atrium, at which time both contract. |
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Term
| after the atrium contracts, the wave travels from the sinoatrial node to the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The wave travels to down the septum via |
|
Definition
| purkinjie fibers, at which time both ventricles contract |
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Term
| what acts as the cadiac pacemaker? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the four types of blood vessels |
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Definition
| artery, arterioles, capillaries and venules, and veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| main transporters of oxygenated blood |
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Term
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Definition
| site of control over volume of blood flow, diameter is adjusted |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of diffusion across thin walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood volume reservoirs and transporters of oxygen poor blood back to heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid presure imparted to blood by heart contractions |
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Term
| where is blood pressure highest and lowest? |
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Definition
| highest in arteries, lowest in veins |
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Term
| where is blood pressure highest and lowest? |
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Definition
| highest in arteries, lowest in veins |
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Term
| two types of blood pressure? |
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Definition
| systolic pressure and diastolic pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| peak pressure due to ventricular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the lowest of cardiac cycle, reached when ventricles are relaxed |
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Term
| capillary beds are the site of diffusion between... |
|
Definition
| blood and interstitial fluid (through diffusion and bulk flow) |
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Term
| the capillary wall is a single sheet of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| flow of blood through capillaries is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| deoxygenated blood flows from capillaries into venules, then onto |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are veins large or small diameter? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of tissue do veins have in their wall that allows for constriction? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in veins, what prevents blood from flowing backwards? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| purpose of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
| helps body defefnd against injury and attack |
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Term
|
Definition
| some fluids are forced out of the smallest blood vessels and into interstitial fluid, this is lymph |
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Term
| what happens to the lymph fluid, once it has been pushed out of the blood vessels? |
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Definition
| vessels of the lymphatic system pick up this fluid, filter it, and return it to the circulatory system |
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Term
| the lymphatic system consists of: |
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Definition
| the lymph vascular system (drainage vessels) and the lymphoid orgains and lyohoid tissues |
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Term
| the functions of the lymph vascular system |
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Definition
| collect and deliver water and other solutes from interstitial fluid to circulartory sytem, collects lipids and delivers them to general circulation, delivers pathogens to lymph nodes |
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Term
| what are the lymph organs and tissues? |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus gland, |
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Term
|
Definition
| major lymph organs, strategically located along lymph vascular system, act as lymph filter |
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Term
| what type of cells do lymph nodes carry? |
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Definition
| lymphpcytes, that recognize and destroy invaders |
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Term
| the largest lymph organ is the |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| filters pathogens and used up blood cells, antibody production |
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Term
|
Definition
| defense against bacteria and other foreign agents |
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Term
| what organ has the largest role in immunity |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| immature T lymphocytes differenciate into pathogen recognizing cells |
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