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| groups of cells with a common structure and function |
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| A membrane that suspends many of the organs of vertebrates inside connective tissue sheets. |
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| occurs in tightly packed sheets and covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body. |
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| functions mainly to bind and support other tissues. cells are in a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. The matrix generally consists of a web of fibers |
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| composed of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting, usually when stimulated by nerve signals. |
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| senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animal to another |
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| serves both in digestion and in distribution of substances throughout the body. The fluid inside the cavity is continuous with the water outside through a single opening. |
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| A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid. |
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| Closed Circulatory System |
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| A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid. |
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Sinuses
(Name animals with them and describe more) |
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| Any of the spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems. |
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| A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart. |
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| A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. |
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The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen–poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
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| The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs. |
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| Atrioventricular Valve: A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract. |
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| A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. |
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| A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. |
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| Pacemaker: Sets the Pace at which the heart beats. |
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| Specialized muscle fibers called bundle branches that conduct the signals to the apex of the heart and throughout the ventricular walls. |
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| A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood. |
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| Plasma and white blood cells that bathe the tissue cells |
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| an enzyme that digests the cell walls of many bacteria. Present in tears, mucous, and saliva |
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| The most abundant type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self–destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days. |
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present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen–presenting cell. |
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| efficient in presenting antigens to naive helper T cells, |
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| causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during an inflammatory response. |
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A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus–infected cells; an important component of innate immunity. |
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| protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions. |
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bind to peptides derived from foreign antigens that have been synthesized within the cell. Any body cell that becomes infected or cancerous can display such peptide antigens by virtue of its class I MHC molecules.
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bind to peptides derived from foreign materials that have been internalized and fragmented through phagocytosis or endocytosis.
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| A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes chemokines that promote the response of B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
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| Cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells |
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| The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate |
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| The first encounter of a naive T-cell with antigen that results in activation, proliferation, and, finally, creation of memory T-cells |
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| Secondary Immune Response |
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| The secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response. |
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| One clone consists of a large number of short–lived cells |
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| The antibody–secreting effector cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen–stimulated B cells. |
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| A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen–presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen–presenting cell. |
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| A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell. |
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| any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen |
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| A protein found in lymphocytes that creates holes in pathogen membranes |
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