Term
| What is transported in Cardiovascular System? |
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Definition
| Nutrients, minerals, hormones, waste products |
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Term
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Definition
- Inner lining is endothelium, next layer is smooth muscle, and the last layer is connective tissue
- endothelium minimizes restistance to flow of blood
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Term
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Definition
- Only have an endothelium layer
- Connect aterioles and venules
- One cell thick walls
- Site of diffusion of gasses, nutrients, and wastes
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Term
| Capillary Beds Flow Restriction |
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Definition
- Flow is restricted by two ways: contraction of smooth mucsle in the wall of an arteriole which reduces vessels diameter and slows blood flow OR precapillary sphincters
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Term
| Temperature of Body and Capillary Beds |
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Definition
- When body wants to conserve heat, smooth muscle cells in arterioles constrict to limit blood flow
- Hypothalamus controls body tempterature
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Term
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Definition
- Osmosis causes the leakage of interstitial fluid
- Interstitial fluid is collected by lymph vessels
- When blood pressure > osmotic pressure, loss of fluid from capillaries (usually on arterial end of capillary)
- When osmotic pressure > blood pressure, net movement of fluid from tissues into capillaries (usually in venous end)
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Term
| Valves and Veins and Muscles |
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Definition
- Rhythmic ontractions of smooth muscles in the walls of venules an veins aid in the movement of the blood
- Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes blood through the veins toward heart
- Skeletal muscle contraction squeezes and constricts veins; flap of tissue within the veins act as a one-way valves that keep blood moving only toward heart
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Term
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Definition
- Valves don't function as well as they used to so which allows blood to flow backwards
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Term
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Definition
- Atrium on top, Ventricle on bottom
- Superior vena cava leads to right atrium from head and forelimbs
- Inferior vena cava leads right atrium from lower half of body
- Aorta leaves from left ventricle to boody
- Pulmonary veins lead from lungs
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Term
| Plaque and Cardiovascular Disease |
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Definition
- Plaque is oxidized LDL molecules and builds up in between endothelium and smooth muscle
- Heart attack: the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue
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Term
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Definition
- Main function: transport O2
- Lack nucleu which leaves more space for hemoglobin (usually contains about 250 million hemoglobin)
- Hemoglobin: quarternary structure binds 4 O2 to each subunit
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Term
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Definition
- White blood cells: main function is to fight infections
- Engulf and giest microorganisms
- Also found in interstitial fluid and lymphatic system
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Term
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Definition
- Platelets: function in blood clotting
- Platelets adhered to collagen fibers in connective tissue of broken blood vessel and releases substance that makes nearby platelets sticky
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Term
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Definition
- Stem cells that produce blood cells are located in spleen, liver befor birth; after birth: red bone marrow
- Kidney releases hormone called EPO that stimulated erythrocyte production when tissues dont recieve enough O2
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Term
| Elements of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
- From trachea fork two bronchi, which branch into bronchioles
- Gas exchange occurs in alveoli, air sacs cluster at tips of the tiniest bronchioles
- Alveoli must be moist for gas exchange
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Term
| Inhalation and Exhalation |
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Definition
- Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts and rib muscles contract, creating lower air pressure in lungs which draws in air
- Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes and air is let out passively
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Term
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Definition
- Oxygen does not dissolve much in water
- Not a problem for protista and other simple multicellular organisms with low metabolic requirements
- Oxygen diffuses across tissues
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Term
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Definition
- Found in hydras and other cnidarians
- Functions both in difestion and in the ditrsbubtion of substances
- Remember, organisms are usually only two layers thick
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Term
| Plathyelminthes: Circulatory and Respiratory |
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Definition
- They lack a body cavity, circulatory ssystem, and respiratory sytstem
- They have a digestive tract with one opening
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Term
| Nematoda: Circulatory and Respiratory |
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Definition
- Have exocuticle which makes it harder for them to do respiration
- Don't have circulatory or respiratory system
- They have a pseudocoelem
- Diffusion through cutcile and fluid in pseudocoelom
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Term
| Annelida: Circulatory and Respiratory |
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Definition
- Live in freshwater/damp habitats
- Don't have respiratory system
- Do have coelom, digestive tract, and closed circulatory system
- Gas exchange: across moist skin to circulatory system
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Term
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Definition
- Marine worms of the phylum Annelida have parapodia which serve as gills
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Term
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Definition
- Arthropods and most molluks have this
- Circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly
- Circulatory fluid, hemolymph, is also the interstitial fluid
- Red blood cells would interfere with this form of circulatory system
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
- Annelids, squids, echinoderms, and vertebrates have this
- Circulates blood entirely within vessels so blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
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Term
| Arthropoda: Circulatory and Respiratory |
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Definition
- Dont have: hemoglobin
- Have: coelom, digestive tract, open circulatory system, and respiratory system
- Respiratory system: book lungs in spiders, tracheal system in insects, gills in crustacea
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Term
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Definition
- Largest tube, tracheae opens to outside
- The finer branches, traechioles extend close to the surface of nearly ever cell where gas is exchange dby diffusion
- Because this system brings air close to almost every cell, it doesn't need the help of the open circulatory system to transport oxygen or carbon dioxide
- Independent of circulatory system
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Term
| Amphibian Double Circulation |
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Definition
- Heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle
- Poor oxygen heads into pulmocutaneous circuit (skin and lung capillaries)
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Term
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Definition
- Single circulation: blood goes from heart to gills to body then back to heart
- Two chambered heart
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Term
| Reptiles (Except Birds) Double Circulation |
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Definition
- Three chambered heart with septum but pulmonary and systemic circuits are connected where the arteries exit the heart
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Term
| Mammals and Birds Double Circulation |
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Definition
- Left side recieves and pumps on oxygen rich blood while ride side recieved and pumps only oxygen poor blood
- Supports endothermic way of life
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Term
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Definition
- Move gills for ventilation
- Counter current exchange: since the blood moves in the opposite direction as the water that comes in contact with the gills, the amount of oxygen in the blood will always be less than that of the water it comes in contact with
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Term
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Definition
- Birds have sites of gas exchange called parabronchi, tiny channels in lungs
- Birds inhale and fill posterior (first) air sac with fresh air and anterior air sac with stale air
- During exhalation, both sets of air sacs deflate which forces air from posterior to lungs with parabronchi and anterior air sac to out of bird
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