Term
| In the _________ _________, the heart pumps blood into open-ended vessels. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the open circulatory system, _________ is the mixture of blood and interstitial fluid. |
|
Definition
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Term
| In the open circulatory system, hemolypmh sills into sinuses that form a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the open circulatory system, the _________ bathes all the cells and then returns to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the open circulatory system, _________ is a pigment in hemolymph that transport oxygen in some mollusks and arthropods. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall, the _________ circulatory system is less efficient. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mollusks (except cephalopods) exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Arthropods exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a _________ circulatory system, blood flows through a circuit of vessels. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a closed circulatory system, the blood pigment is _________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cephalopods exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Annelids exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chordates exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an organism has no specialized circulatory system, _________ serves as the main form of gas and nutrient exchange. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cnidarians exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
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Definition
| 1) Trick question: they do not have a circulatory system. |
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Term
| Flatworms exhibit a _________ circulatory system. |
|
Definition
| 1) Trick question: they do not have a circulatory system. |
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|
Term
Functions of the Vertebrate Circulatory System:
-Transports _________ from digestive system and storage depots to each cell.
-Transports _________ from respiratory structures.
-Transports _________ from endocrine glands to target tissues.
-Helps maintain _________ balance.
-_________ the body against invading microorganisms.
-Helps distribute heat and maintain body _________.
-Helps maintain proper _________. |
|
Definition
1) Nutrients
2) Oxygen
3) Hormones
4) Fluid
5) Defends
6) Temperature
7) pH |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, total blood volume is _________ of body weight. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In vertebrates, _________ of blood volume is plasma and _________ is blood cells and platelets. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Adult human males have about _________ liters of blood circulating whereas adult human females have about _________ liters. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Plasma is composed of 92% _________, 7% _________, 1% _________, minerals, and other materials. |
|
Definition
1) Water
2) Proteins
3) Salts |
|
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Term
| _________ is a pale-yellowish fluid in which cells are suspended. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ is the part of blood that is cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a person has a hematocrit of 45%, that means that 45% of his blood volume is _________ and 55% is _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ when first created by the liver (with vitamin _________) is inactive; converted to the active form thrombin with addition of _________; involved in blood clotting and HDL. |
|
Definition
1) Prothrombin
2) K
3) Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| _________ is a soluble protein, converted to the active form fibrin in the presence of _________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ is involved in blood clotting and HDL. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ is insoluble and forms blood clots. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the remaining liquid when the proteins involved in blood clotting from plasma are removed. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
_________ globulins help transport hormones.
_________ globulins are lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol and other proteins that transport some vitamins and minerals.
_________ globulins produce many types of antibodies (immunity) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________ and other globulins regulate osmotic pressures. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
_________ are for osmotic balance and serve as buffers.
-Primarily _________ and _________. |
|
Definition
1) Electrolytes
2) Na+
3) K+ |
|
|
Term
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
-_________ shape (large surface to volume ratio).
-Can bend and twist to pass through blood vessels.
-Mammalian RBCs do not have _________.
-Produced in the _________ bone marrow of certain bones.
-Contain _________ and are responsible for _________ transport and 20% of carbon dioxide transport.
-Live up to 120 days (worn out RBCs are removed and recycled by the _________ and _________).
-If oxygen levels are low, _________ from the kidney tells pluripotent cells of bone marrow to make more RBCs.
-As they develop they lose most of their _________ including the nucleus. |
|
Definition
1) Biconcave
2) Nuclei
3) Red
4) Hemoglobin
5) Oxygen
6) Liver
7) Spleen
8) Erythroproteins
9) Organelles |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ _________ defend the body against disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main groups of WBCs and what types of cells are in each? |
|
Definition
| 1) The two main types are granular and agranular; granular contains the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; agranular contains the lymphocytes and monocytes. |
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells that seek out and ingest bacteria, dead cells, etc. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are large, granular cells that stain bright red with eosin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells with lysosomes with oxidases and peroxidases to detoxify. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells that increase during allergic and parasitic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells which stain deep blue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells that play a role in allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells in which some graules contain histamine and others contain heparin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells which produce antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells which attack invaders (agranular). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are the largest WBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells that enlarge to become a macrophage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cells that engulf bacteria, dead cells, and debris. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thrombocytes, or _________, are cell fragments that formed in stem cells of _________ _________ and are important in clotting.
-Lack _________ |
|
Definition
1) Platelets
2) Bone marrow
3) Nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What happens in hemophilia? |
|
Definition
| 1) One blood clotting factor is absent as a result of an inherited genetic mutation, and as a result, bleeding often occurs without stopping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Anemia is a deficiency of hemoglobin; when hemoglobin is insufficient, the amount of oxygen is inadequate to supply the body's needs. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in leukemia? |
|
Definition
| 1) Leukemia is a form of cancer in which any one of the various kinds of WBCs multiply rapidly within the bone marrow; leads to anemia and paired clotting. |
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|
Term
| _________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ that are small arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are blood vessels that function in gas exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are small veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood through the blood vessels, staring with the arteries? |
|
Definition
| 1) Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the outer coat of connective tissue rich in elastin and collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the connective tissue and smooth muscle (thicker in _________); the smooth muscle contracts and relaxes which affects _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Tunica media
2) Arteries
3) Blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is simple squamous endothelium which is found in the capillaries only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is space between the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the _________ heart, there is a single atrium and ventricle which is part of a single circuit of blood flow. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The _________ heart has two atria and two ventricles. More often than not, the wall separating the ventricles is _________, so blood from the right and left chambers mix to some extent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the _________, the heart consists of two atria and one ventricle, and blood flows through a double circuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In _________, the two atria and two ventricles separate oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is the tough, outermost connective tissue sac that encloses the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is between the atriums. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is between the ventricles. |
|
Definition
| 1) Intraventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ on the interatrial septum marks the place where the _________ _________ (in embryos) was located. |
|
Definition
1) Fossa ovalis
2) Foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
| Valves in the heart are held in place by _________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
|
Definition
| 1) Bicuspid valve (or Mitral valve) |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is a semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is a semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Tricuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| 1) A valve between each atrium and its ventricle that prevents the backflow of blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Bicuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| 1) A valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that, as the pressure increases over the left ventricle, opens to allow blood to flow into the left ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Aortic valve? |
|
Definition
| 1) Lies between the left ventricle and aorta; when the pressure in the left ventricle rises above that of the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Pulmonary valve? |
|
Definition
| 1) Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery which opens when pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood beginning with the right atrium and ending in the inferior and superior vena cava? |
|
Definition
| 1) Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> Lungs (capillaries) -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> inferior and superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ in cardiac muscle facilitate electrical activity within the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is the pacemaker in the heart and is located in the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Sinoatrial (SA) node
2) Right atrium |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is located in the right atrium and delays the signal transmission after receiving the signal from the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Atrioventricular (AV) node
2) Sinoatrial node |
|
|
Term
| After the action potential has traveled from the SA node to the AV node, it reaches the Bundle of HIS (_________ _________) which then sends the action potential into each _________. |
|
Definition
1) Purkinje fibers
2) Ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of an action potential in the heart, beginning with the Sinoatrial (SA) node? |
|
Definition
| 1) Sinoatrial (SA) node -> Atrioventricular (AV) node -> Bundle of HIS -> Ventricles |
|
|
Term
Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial systole
-Atria contract, pushing blood through open _________ and _________ valves into ventricles. _________ valves are closed.
-----Lub sound is heard-----
2. Beginning of Ventricular Systole
-Ventricles contract; pressure within _________ increases and closes _________ and _________ valves, causing first heart sound.
3. Period of Rising Pressure
-_________ valves open when pressure in ventricle exceeds that in _________. Blood spurts into _________ and _________ artery.
4. Beginning of Ventricular Diastole
-Pressure in relaxing ventricles drops below that in _________.
_________ valves snap shut, causing second heart sound.
-----Dub sound is heard-----
5. Period of Falling Pressure
-Blood flows from _________ into relaxed atria. |
|
Definition
1) Tricuspid
2) Bicuspid (or Mitral)
3) Semilunar
4) Ventricles
5) Tricuspid
5) Bicuspid
6) Semilunar
7) Arteries
8) Aorta
9) Pulmonary
10) Arteries
11) Semilunar
12) Ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What are the five primary stages of the cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
1) Atrial systole
2) Beginning of ventricular systole
3) Period of rising pressure
4) Beginning of ventricular diastole
5) Period of falling pressure |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is when oxygenated blood flows to the body and deoxygenated blood flows back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is when deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs where it is reoxygenated and sent back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Closing of which valves causes the "lup" sound? |
|
Definition
| 1) The closing of the Tricuspid and Mitral valves. |
|
|
Term
| Closing of which valves causes the "dup" sound? |
|
Definition
| 1) The closing of the semilunar valves. |
|
|
Term
| What causes heart murmur? |
|
Definition
| 1) Injury to the semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the contraction of the heart muscle of the left and right atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ initiate contraction of both the left and right atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atrial systole begins with the onset of the _________ wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the contraction of the muscles of the right and left ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventricular systole begins at the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________ _________ is when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation for refilling with circulating blood.
Occurs when both the atria and ventricles are relaxing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta in one minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle during one beat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ can be calculated by multiplying stroke volume by the heartbeat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is the resistance to blood flow by the viscosity of blood and by friction between blood and by the wall of the blood vessel; controlled primarily by the diameter of the arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Staling's Law of Heart state? |
|
Definition
1) According to this law, if the veins deliver more blood to the heart, the heart pumps more blood.
When extra amounts of blood fill the heart chambers, the cardiac muscle fibers stretch more and contract with greater force, pumping a larger volume of blood into the arteries. |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is equivalent to blood flow multiplied times the peripheral resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the standard systolic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the standard diastolic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What change in peripheral resistance? |
|
Definition
| 1) The resistance to blood flow caused by blood viscosity and by friction between the blood vessel wall. |
|
|
Term
| What causes changes in blood volume? |
|
Definition
| 1) A high dietary intake of salts, which causes water retention. |
|
|
Term
| How does change in peripheral resistance and or blood volume change blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| 1) Constriction of blood vessels raises blood pressure; dilation lowers blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone angiotensin II do in regards to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increases blood pressure, restoring homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone aldosterone do in regards to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increase retention of Na+ by the kidneys, resulting in greater fluid retention and increase blood volume. |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone antidiuretic hormone do in regards to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increases reabsorption of water in kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| What does atrial natriuretic peptide do in regards to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increases Na+ excretion |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ is the idea that as the area in the circulatory system increases, there is more side to side area to move through and hence the blood velocity is slower. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in elephantiasis? |
|
Definition
| 1) The skin and underlying tissues become extremely thick |
|
|
Term
| What happens in hemorrhoids? |
|
Definition
| 1) Painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of the rectum on the anus emerge. |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ are the stretching of the veins caused as blood returning mechanisms are weak and hence gravity pulls blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is high blood pressure resulting in increased work output from the heart; may be due to decreased vessel diameter or increased blood volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the hardening of the arteries when lipids are deposited in the arteries and thus oxygen levels may drop; this can lead to iscemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the increase in peripheral resistance leaving the heart to work harder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ represents atrial depolarization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ represents ventricular depolarization (contraction of the ventricle) and repolarization of the atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ represents ventricular depolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _________ _________ signals the start at the SA node (pacemaker); spreads from right atria to left atria and blood flows into ventricles (_________ _________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The _________ _________ signals conduction through bundle of His and bundle branches (_________) through Purkinje fibers and right (_________) and left (_________) ventricles contract.
Blood the moves to the lungs. |
|
Definition
1) QRS Complex
2) Q
3) R
4) S |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ measures repolarization (relaxation) of the ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _________ _________ _________ is when there is a block at the AV node; there are no QRS complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Human Lymphatic System
-Collects and returns _________ _________ to the blood; prevents swelling.
-Defends the body against disease organisms by _________ mechanisms.
-Absorbs _________ from the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
1) Interstitial fluid
2) Immune
3) Lipids |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ drain excess interstitial fluid from the tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ are connected to vessels at both ends, whereas the _________ _________ are "dead-end streets." |
|
Definition
1) Blood capillaries
2) Lymph capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What are three factors that help regulate blood returning to the heart? |
|
Definition
1) Osmotic pressure
2) Breathing
3) Skeletal muscle action |
|
|
Term
Arteries
a. Carry blood away from the body
b. Always carry oxygenated blood
c. Always carry deoxygenated blood
d. a and b
e. a and c |
|
Definition
| 1) a. Always carry blood away from the body. |
|
|
Term
Blood returning from the lungs enters the heart via the _________.
a. Pulmonary arteries
b. Aorta
c. Superior vena cava
d. Inferior vena cava
e. Pulmonary veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the _________ and leaves the heart via the _________.
a. Vena cava; pulmonary artery
b. Vena cava; pulmonary vein
c. Pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein
d. Vena cava; aorta
e. Pulmonary artery; aorta |
|
Definition
| 1) a. Vena cava; pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
In a regular EKG what does the T wave correspond to?
a. Depolarization of atria
b. Repolarization of atria
c. Repolarization of ventricles
d. Depolarization of ventricles. |
|
Definition
| 1) c. Repolarization of ventricles |
|
|
Term
What initiates the heat beat?
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. Bundle of His
d. Purkinje fibers
e. Pace maker
f. More than one of the above |
|
Definition
| 1) f. More than one of the above |
|
|
Term
Immunoglobulins are also known as:
a. Alpha globulins
b. Beta globulins
c. Gamma globulins
d. Erythrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
