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c. Integrated Control
BP
17
Medical
Graduate
11/16/2012

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Cards

Term
Systolic BP determined by
Definition
SV- increase SV --> increase systolic BP
Term
Diastolic BP determined by
Definition
TPR- decrease TPR-->decrease diastolic BP
Term
Describe the Valsalva maneuver
Definition
Take large breath and attempt to exhale forcibly for at least 10 seconds with glottis closed
-Defecation
-Child birth
-Heavy lifting

Diagnostic tool to assess cardiovascular functions such as:
-Baroreceptor reflex
-MAP
-Cardiac output

In heart failure patients a valsalva maneuver can be fatal
-Compromised heart can lead to ischemia and MI

Causes increased aortic pressure and HR
Term
Name 3 types of shock and its associated component
Definition
Cardiogenic- heart- pump
Anaphalactic- vasculate tone- pipes
Hypovolemic- blood volume- fuel
Term
Causes for hypovolemic shock
Definition
Drop in blood volume:
-Hemorrhage
-Dehydration
-Diarrhea or vomiting
-Burns
Term
Name three stages of shock
Definition
Compensated
Decompensated
Irreversible
Term
Describe compensated shock
Definition
-10-20% blood volume loss
-Reflex compensation can restore MAP to normal and maintain adequate vital organ perfusion and oxygenation

Normalization of BP due to:
-Increased HR
-Increased contractility
-Increased vascular resistance
-Increased venous compliance
Fluids must be administered or ingested

BP may be normal, but CO may remain depressed due to reduced SV
-
Term
Describe decompensated shock
Definition
Compensatory mechanisms cannot increase further
-Body suddenly decompensates
-Metabolic demands not met, cellular ischemia results, release of vasoactive mediators:
^Hypotension and dyspnea (SOB)
^Acidosis
^Cool, pale skin
^Mental confusion
Term
Irreversible Shock
Definition
Decompensated shock continues, or blood loss > 20%
-No more NE/Epi
-System failure: circulatory, endocrine, CNS
Organ damage and death
Term
Cardiogenic shock
Definition
Heart failure- inability of ventricles to pump blood at sufficient volume, usually due to impaired cardiac function (i.e. MI)

L heart failure vs. R heart failure
Systolic dysfunction vs. diastolic dysfunction
Term
Describe left sided heart failure
Definition
Due to failure of left ventricle (aortic stenosis)
-Increased pulmonary volume (back up into P. vein)
-Increased pulmonary capillary Pc (hydrostatic pressure)
-Pulmonary edema (sounds like crackles, looks like snow on x-ray)
-Decreased CO
-Right heart failure
Term
Describe right sided heart failure
Definition
Failure of R. Ventricle
Leads to
-Decreased pulmonary volume
-Decreased pulmonary volume
-Decreased left heart volumes
-Decreased CO
-Increased systemic capillary Pc
-Peripheral edema
-Elevated jugular pulse
Term
Pulmonary edema due to
Definition
Left heart failure
Term
Peripheral edema due to
Definition
Right heart failure
Term
Describe systolic dysfunction
Definition
Reduced ability to contract or eject blood

Reduced contractility due to MI
Increased afterload:
-Chronic aortic/pulmonic valve stenosis
-Uncontrolled hypertension
Term
Diastolic dysfunction
Definition
Reduced ventricular compliance (concentric hypertrophy)
-Chronic aortic/pulmonic valve stenosis
-Chronic hypertension
Reduced preload:
-Tricuspid/Mitral valve stenosis
Term
Normal and cardiogenic shock indications based on cardiac index
Definition
Cardiac index=CO/Body Surface Area (BSA)

Normal- 2.6-42L/min/meter
Cardiogenic shock/heart failure- 1.8L/min
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