1618-1648 -

about 8 million people died

- Germany, Italy, Poland, Lithuania, many others (could be considered a world war)

• Defenestration of Prague 1618
• Peace of Westphalia 1648 - Reestablished the peace of Augusburg - considered the moment to begin talking about a modern Europe and the rise of a modern nation-state
• religious dispute in Prague - Catholic magistrates were exerting power over Protestants, Protestants rebelled and pushed Catholic out a window (defenstration)

1648

- Reestablished the peace of Augusburg

- considered the moment to begin talking about a modern Europe and the rise of a modern nation-state

1598

- a Hugenot prince converted to Catholocism to take throne in France

- issued limited type of religious freedom - coexistence**

• Reaction against dead orthodoxy
• Philip Spener (1635-1705) is identified as founder -
  • Lutheran
  • influenced by devotional text of the day

• (1635-1705)
•  is identified as founder of pietism-
  • Lutheran
  • influenced by devotional text of the day

(1663-1727)

• Follower of Spener
• Systematized Pietism
• Piety, Devotion, Sanctification
• Edification is greater than Theology
• Conversion Experience
• Small Groups (beginning of small group ministry)
• Ecclesiola in Eccleisa (little churches in the church)
• He set up an early idea of what seminary should look like
• John Wesley was heavily influenced by the Pietists
• What really matters is the persons change of the soul

Inspired by Spener and Francke (Pietists)

carried Pietistic concern for personal spirituality

John Wesley encountered them on his voyage to Georgia in 1735 - he experienced his own spiritual awakening due to their faith

Pietist influences can still be seen among modern American Methodists and members of the Holiness movement

Heavily influenced by Pietists

Founder of Methodism

• Response to Wars of Religion, ecclesial schism, and Scientific Revolution
• Rationalsim
  • Descartes (1590-1650) "Cartesian" means ideas from Descartes.  "I think, therefore I am." - this is the one thing we cannot doubt - followers are called rationalists - reasons access to eternal truths - math and geometry
• Empriricsm
  • Locke (1632-1704)
  • Hume (1711-1776) - all our knowledge is probability based on custom
• Varying Relationships with Christianity
  • Accommodationism - clearly, if God had introduced these theories in the Bible, we could not have understood this  - so movements came out and said that since
  • Deism - yes, there is a God, but we can't say much about God - universe works based on natural law, miracles violate natural law
  • Atheism - we don't need God, God is a concept that has outgrown its usefulness - we see this a lot in Kant, but he is not an atheist, he is more of a deist. 

• Copernicus and Heliocentrism (1543) - earth is not center of universe, but sun was
• Kepler (d. 1630) and Galileo (d. 1642) - verified and promoted ideas of Copernicus
• Natural Philosophy
• Scripture and Science
• How do we deal with science when it doesn't match up with the way your religion understands origins, ordering of universe, etc...

• definitive modern philosopher
• pietist upbringing
• Wanted to bring about a Copernican revolution

1. autonomy of reason - self law, doesn't have to look beyond itself
2. The Active Mind - we don't just understand things, but mind organizes it's experience with the world
3. Limits of Reason - not just anything goes, where the mind can and cannot go
4. The existence of God is necessary only to the extent that  there is a need for a guarantor for a moral universe (Moral "Proof" for God's existence)
5. Religion of Morality - can be judged as rational as long as it promotes morality - religion is ethics
6. Thoughts without concepts are meaningless
7. Moral law is the law that the mind gives himself

• It is impossible to make truth claims about God (or the soul)
• The concept of God is only necessary to insure a moral universe (The idea of God is simply because we have a common conception of something that insures that judgment happens appropriately)
• The rationality of religion lies only in its promotion of a universal morality (religion is about ethics, not truth claims - the golden rule is the heart of the Christian tradition for Kant)
• Any other sort of religion is a private matter (secularism)  (public/private conversation above - your community dictates what you are supposed to discuss as clergy)

• Revolution and Restoration
• Feeling and Passion
• Literature, Art, Music, Philosophy, and Theology
• The Infinite in the Finite
• The beauty of Nature and the Individual

• Copernican revolution in Christian Theology
• Influenced by Pietism, Kant and Romanticism
• Religion = Feeling (contrary to Kant's assesment of religion)
  • Not knowledge or practice
• Feeling of Absolute dependence
• "On Religion" -
• Grandfather of Modern, Liberal Christian theology
• Piety is feeling of absolute dependence (important for test)

Faith was pietism for Kierkegaard

Used "Father" Abraham as ultimate example of faith

Higher Criticism (criticism not just within text, but historical, etc...)

Influenced Spinoza

Higher criticism - advancement beyond lower criticism (historical criticism, - historical explanation of the text - science can prove or question claims of bible)
Lower criticism - Renaissance Humanisim - biblical criticism (linguistically based, textual analysis, etc... - what text should look like in it's purity

• D.F. Strauss (1836) - pioneered this endeavor - student of Bauer and was removed from academic post and banned for his ideas - wanted to test historical claims of Christianity; He knew there was a historical Jesus, but not how we view him.  Questioned 1st century Palestine - rejected myth, fable
• Can we establish a historical account of the life of Jesus outside the claims of faith?
• Albert Schweitzer (1910) - writes about the historical Jesus movement.  When we read historical accounts of Jesus, what we get is a better sense of who is writing them than actual Jesus. 

• An embrace of Higher Criticism
• The Modernization of Christianity - Schleiermacher is seen as ultimate example
• An optimism about Progress
• "Low" Theology (typically)

(d. 1930) - used historical method

• Effects of the personality of Jesus
• Must examine context of Jesus
• Kingdom of God
• God as father and the value of the soul
• Higher righteousness
• Takes seriously biblical historical criticism
• Examines who is Jesus in his context
• Christianity is not outside culture

(1875)  JEDP

- represents the culmination of this movement

- source cricitical

• the affect of Jesus
• the purpose of Jesus - to bring about the Kingdom of God, to establish a divine social order
• not concerned about the nature of God or divine nature of Christ
• Christ is the founder of the movement, not necessarily divine
• takes Kant seriously - "we cannot know God in God's self" - but we can know God's effects through the effect of Jesus Christ - reflects Harnack
• Historical analysis of Jesus
• Common good is where we find God
• influenced by socialism - very involved in movements, especially unionizing movements, believed that the economic order needs to be reorganized in a Christian way to bring about the common good of God
• social Gospel is still with us today

• Lesbian?
• Challenged standard assumptions of female bodiedness
• interpretation ambiguity exegesis - literal versus fast and loose (Paul says women shouldn't speak in church, Jesus says we should give our possesions up)
• she knows her bible backward and forward
• Christ, not Paul is the central authority
• Paul is seen not as the inspired writer of the texts, but as a second generation Christian making statements of Jesus that may not match up with Jesus
• Reader response of privilege  - product of modern biblical criticism
• Proto-feminist

1846-1878

Initially attempted to accommodate the democratic republican aspirations of certain Italians with the Roamn Catholic Church teachings

When Ferdinand II of Naples permitted a constitution, Pius IX made one for the Papal States

Did not support Italian Revolution in favor of Austrians (Roman Catholics)

When revolution happened in Rome, he fled

French Troops supported Pius IX

He was hostile to "liberal political movements

- religiousless Christianity

- need to be called to live our faith, not retreat

- questioned Christan realism

- original sin was real.

Social gospel questioning, pacifism is not realistic for this world

- we have to do our best to navigate

A soldier in Hitler's army

came to realization that he served evil

POW in Great Britain 1945-1948 (shown pics of Auschwitz and Belsen and was in despair)

Was given a Bible by an American chaplain

Found renewed hope in Psalms, hope of Christ

Theology of Hope (book) 1964

Eschatology

• (council) - 1869, first since Council of Trent
• - Papal infallibility (faith and morals)
• - ex cathedra - when he speaks from the office of the pope - only used twice (immaculate conception, assumption)
• Immaculate conception, rise in sightings of Mary

(1962-5) and World Catholocism

- represents an openness in the Catholic church in enculturated gospel

Philip Jakob Spener, “Pia Desideria” (1675)

Practice is greater than knowledge
It is how you lead your life
Theology = moral enterprise

renewed emphasis on scripture
different reading practices - regarding what scripture does - Luther = people need to hear/know the gospel, protest of the Catholic doctrines.  Spener = scripture is not about truth claims, but it is a devotional, you can be inspired by it and act accordingly; more interested in small groups, bible study, etc... so that they could be brought up in holy living. 

Immanuel Kant, “What is Enlightenment?” (1784)

Exodus of Minority (legal term, like child)
Trustees (church, government, intellectual authorities)
Freedom

Kant is looking at France, and revolution 
Enlightenment is slow, gradual process - freedom to publish, for example - progress will happen if laws are put in place to allow it

We are bound by the duty of our posts to follow - minister must follow dogma

• It is impossible to make truth claims about God (or the soul)
• The concept of God is only necessary to insure a moral universe (The idea of God is simply because we have a common conception of something that insures that judgment happens appropriately)
• The rationality of religion lies only in its promotion of a universal morality (religion is about ethics, not truth claims - the golden rule is the heart of the Christian tradition for Kant)
• Any other sort of religion is a private matter (secularism)  (public/private conversation above - your community dictates what you are supposed to discuss as clergy)

F.D.E. Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith (1830)

Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling (1843)

faith was the most important

- not explainable by any of the most educated scholars (Kant, etc...)

faith makes no sense to temporal powers

Use of "Father" Abraham as example of greatest faith

Gustavo Gutiérrez, “Toward a Theology of Liberation” (1968), Theology and Liberation (1971)

Praxis - significance - faith is manifested in Praxis and theology is looking at what is expressed in this praxis (p. 25)
Context - bishops were preaching one thing and doing another or not doing anything, rampant injustice
theology can't be divorced from how you are living in the world
faith is commitment, theology is a reflection on the commitment (p. 24)
The way you love God's people is working through liberation (p. 26) - if we understand salvation as passing from less human conditions to more human conditions, this is liberation and salvation - offering salvation to the world in general

Mercy Amba Oduyoye, “The Empowering Spirit of Religion” (1990)

Kwok Pui-Lan, “Discovering the Bible in the Non-Biblical World” (1990)

Frances Willard, Woman in the Pulpit (1889)

Pope Leo XIII, “Rerum Novarum” (1891)

Adolf von Harnack, “What is Christianity?” (1900)

Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans (1922)