Term
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Definition
| inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks/months)in which inflammation,tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist. |
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Term
| Predominant cells of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| lymphocytes,plasma cells +marcrophages |
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Term
| Causes of chronic inflammation (3) |
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Definition
1. primary chronic inflammation (no initial phase of acute , eg. cellular rejection in renal implants)
2.Progression from acute inflammation (commonest progressive type is the supparative acute inflammation )
3. recurrent episodes of acute inflammation( recurring cycles of acute inflammation and healing result in chronic inflammation) |
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Term
| Examples of primary chronic inflammation |
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Definition
1. resistance of infective agents to phagocytosis and intracellular killing eg.TV yase LB Res..
2.Endogenous+exogenous materials
3.autoimmune diseases (hashimoto thyroiditis,chronic gastritis, rheumatoid arthritis,hypersensitivity reactions.
4. Ulcerative colitis( bowel disease)
5. primary granulomatous diseases (eg. chrons disease ,sarcoidosis,tubercolosis ) |
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Term
| Mechanism of progression from acute inflammation |
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Definition
1.Delay in the drainage of a deep seated abscess results in the formation of a thick wall within abscess compossed of granulation and fibrous tissue .
2.indigestable material
3.keratin from a ruptured epidermal cyst or fragments of necrotic bone
MATERIALS ARE RESISTANT TO LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES .
Provoke granulomatous inflammation . |
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Term
| Examples of chronic abscesses() |
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Definition
1. Osteomyelittis -bone marrow cavity
2. empyema- inadequately drained |
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Term
| Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation Example. |
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Definition
| chronic cholecystitis . replacement of the gall bladder wall muscle by fibrous tissue . predominant tissue-lymphocyte |
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Term
| Macroscopic appearances of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
1.Chronic ulcer(granulation tissue ,fibrous tissue extending through the muscles layers of the wall )
2.Chronic abscess cavity (osteomylitis ,empyema )
3.thickening of the wall of a hollow viscus
4.granulomatous inflammation
5.Fibrosis (most prominent feature when chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate has subsided )-chronic cholecystitis, crohns |
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Term
| Microscopic features of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
1. collection of lymphocytes,plasma cells and marcrophages,eosinophils,mast cells and neutrophils.
2.formation of multinucleate giant cells
3.production of fibrous tissue from granulation tissue(capillary caliber vessels ,fibroblasts ,myofibroblasts)
4.angiogenesis
5.lymphatic proliferation
6.continuing tissue destruction vs tissue regeneration+repair .
7. tissue necrosis (granulomatous conditions eg. TB) |
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Term
| Growth factors involved in healing and repair in inflammation |
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Definition
epidermal GF(regeneration of epithelial cells)
transforming GF alpha (epithelial cells) transforming GF beta (fibroblast proliferation+collagen synthesis+ctrl of epithelial regeneration)
platelet derived growth factor (fibroblasts +smooth muscle cells)
fibroblast GF( fibroblast proliferation,angiogenesis,epithelial cell regeneration)
Insulin like GF1(synergistic effect with other Growth hormones)
Tumour Necrosis factor (Stimulates angiogenesis) |
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Term
| T cells produce ? in chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| inflammatory mediators (cytokines,chemotactic factors for neutrophils and factors that increase vascular permeability) |
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Term
| Interlukins function in chronic inflammation ? |
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Definition
| stimulate lymphocytes to divide and mount cell mediated immune responses to antigens. (t cell(antigen recognition) +b cells) |
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Term
| Destruction of target cells |
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Definition
| Perforins (destroy cells by damaging cell membranes) |
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Term
| other cells involved in chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| eosinophils , mast cells ,neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| interferon gamma, produced by activated t cells has antiviral properties +activates marcophages (which then produce int aplha +beta -activates Nk and macrophages) |
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Term
| Characteristics of marcrophages in chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| large cells , amoedoid motion thru tissues ,respond to chemotactic stimuli and have phagocytic capabilities . |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophage of the spleen and lymph nodes |
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Term
| Macrophages according to electron microscopy |
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Definition
| cells have roughened cell membrane bearing lamellipodia;cytoplasm contains numerous phagolysosomes(lysosome+phagocytic vacuoles) |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines ,including int alpha +beta, int 1,6,8 and tumour necrosis alpha |
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Term
| Ganulomatous inflammation |
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Definition
| distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation . |
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Term
| Granuloma simple definition |
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Definition
| cellular attempt(strong activation of t lymphocytes which activate macrophages-injury to normal tissues) to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate |
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Term
| Granuloma extensive definition |
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Definition
| focus of chronic inflammation consisting of an aggregation of macrophages(6-8) that are transformed into epithelium like cells (epithloid ) surrounded by a collar of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes +plasma cells) |
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Term
| Granulomatous inflammation myobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
granuloma refferred to as tubercle /tuberculom
characteristic central caseous necrosis |
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Term
| Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stain used to identify ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identitfy aetiologic agent using culture ? |
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Definition
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Term
Molecular techniques
Serologic studies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
resemble epithelial cells ,oval or elongated nuclei ,folding of nuclear membrane ,plentiful eosinophilic granules
indistinct cell boundaries
occur in clusters
adapted to a secretory(angiotensin converting enzyme) function |
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Term
| Causes of granulomatous disease |
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Definition
specific infection s(myobacteria ,fungi,parasites,syphilis,cat scratch disease)
Materials that resist digestion (endogenous +exogenous)
Specific chemicals (Beryllium)
Drugs (allopurinol)
Unknown (Crohns disease ,sarcoidosis ,wegner's granulomatosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| from where particles that are indigestible by macrophages accumulate (eg.silica+tubercle bacilli) |
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Term
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Definition
| horse shoe arrangement of peripheral nuclei . characteristic in TB |
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Term
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Definition
| large cells with nuclei randomly scattered . seen in relation to foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
| central ring of nuclei ;peripheral clear cytoplasm due to lipd accumulation . seen at sites of fat breakdown and in xanthomas . |
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