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Chronic Conditions Exam 3
Cancer
48
Other
Not Applicable
02/28/2005

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Term
Malignant
Definition
spreads to other parts of the body.
Term
Benign
Definition
grows in place, but doesn't spread.
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
Disorganization of cells.
Term
Common sites of matasteses(5)
Definition
Brain, lung, liver, bone, lymph tissue.
Term
Oncologic
Definition
Associated w/ tumor
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increase in number of cells.
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
Tumor
Term
How can matastasis spread? (3)
Definition
Blood stream, lymph system, local invasion
Term
causes of oncologic pain (9)
Definition
displacement of nerves, blockage within hollow organs, pathologic bone fracture, muscle spasm, surgery, radiation, chemo, immobility, inflammation.
Term
Anatomic site staging - how many stages are there?
Definition
4
Term
Stage 1 of anatomic site staging
Definition
Ca limited to the organ in which it develops.
Term
Stage 2 of anatomic site staging
Definition
tumor is spread beyond primary site, but remains in the same anatomic region. There is some local invasion of the organ or immediately adjacent areas. There may be first stake lymph node spread with microinvasion of the lymphatics.
Term
Stage 3 of anatomic site staging
Definition
Tumor has spread to the region surrounding the primary organ. There is a high probability of microscopic metastatic disease.
Term
Stage 4 of anatomic site staging.
Definition
Metastatic disease is present beyond the local site. Ca cells are present throughout the entire organism, and there is little chance for cure.
Term
Describe TNM classification.
Definition
T: Extent of primary tumor. N: Presence and extent of regional lymph node mets
N0 to N3, with N0 indicating no evidence of disease, and N3 indicating multiple nodes, usually greater than 5 cm. M: presence or absence of distant mestastases.
Term
How is presence or absence of metasteses designated in documtation?
Definition
Designated M0 or M+, indicating absence or presence of mets.
Term
What are the 7 histologic and cytologic features of malignancy?
Definition
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation, invasiveness, destruction of normal tissue, atypica structure, pleomorphism, aneuplaidy, metastasis.
Term
Pleomorphism
Definition
irregular and variant forms of the same species or strain of microorganisms
Term
aneuploidy
Definition
the chromosomal state of a cell with abnormal numbers of specific chromosomes or chromosome sets
Term
Metastasis
Definition
spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
Term
What is a positive histological cancer Dx?
Definition
1x10^3 cells at one site produce a mass of 1cm diameter.
Term
How is remission classified, histologically?
Definition
Fewer than 10^3 cancer cells are present.
Term
Protooncogenes
Definition
Regulate growth and differentiation.
Term
What are oncogenes and what do they do?
Definition
They are tumor producing segments of DNA. They're the abnormal counterpart of proto-oncogenes. They are carcinogens, and force cell growth.
Term
What are anti-oncogenes, and what do they do?
Definition
They're tumor suppressing genes that regulate growth.
Term
Balance btw oncogenes and anti-oncogenes is important in preventing what?
Definition
carcinogenesis.
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
Substance that causes cancer.
Term
7 environmental carcinogens
Definition
1. Smoke
2. Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens
3. Smokeless tobacco
4. Medications
5. Immunosuppression
6. Hormones
a. Breast and uterine ca
b. Prostate Ca
7. Radiation-induced Ca
Term
How large does a tumor have to be before XRay will pick it up?
Definition
1cm^3
Term
What are the major systemic effects of cancer? (4)
Definition
Anorexia and cachexia, hematologic manifestations, endocrine manifestations, neurologic manifestations
Term
Cachexia
Definition
general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease
Term
Medical cancer Treatments (5)
Definition
Surgery, radiation, chemo, biotherapy, hormonal therapy
Term
What are two types of reconstructive cancer surgery?
Definition
Mammoplasty, muscle flap transfers.
Term
What does radiation do?
Definition
destroys rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Term
what is radiation usually used for?
Definition
pre-op to shrink tumors, prevent metastasis, or in combination w/ surger or chemo.
Term
What type of cells does radiation target?
Definition
dividing cells and those with high O2 content.
Term
What are the 2 methods of radiation delivery?
Definition
external beam, and interstitial (brachytherapy)
Term
What are the two side effects of radiation that are most critical to life?
Definition
hematopoietic, and GI tract.
Term
What is the goal of chemo?
Definition
inflict damage to tumor cells and create the least amount of damage to normal cells.
Term
what are the limitations of chemo? (2)
Definition
inability to prevent recurrence of disease, side effects due to cytotoxicity
Term
what are the side effects associated w/ cytotoxicity? (6)
Definition
myelosuppression, organ damage (heart, kidney, lung, liver), nausea, alopecia, fatigue, malaise.
Term
Myelosuppression
Definition
A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments.
Term
Biotherapy is also known as what?
Definition
immunotherapy.
Term
How does biotherapy work?
Definition
Uses a biological response to modifiers to change the relationship between the tumor and host by increasing the host's response.
Term
What is the hormone therapy for prostate ca?
Definition
LRH
Term
What is the hormone used for breast Ca hormonal therapy?
Definition
Tamoxifen (anti estrogen)
Term
How many lymph nodes are involved for the best prognosis of breast cancer?
Definition
0.
Term
What is a favorable tumor size in breast cancer?
Definition
less than 2cm.
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