7 sacraments: baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, marriage, ordination, annointing the sick

monotheistic (asserts unity of one God)

• "born again"- stress importance of having life changing conversion experience- then person has personal relationship with god
• stress living presence of god
• Baptist- need for inner conversion, simple rituals, free from government control
• Pentecostal- emphasizes emotion in christain worship (fainting, crying, ect.)
• Methodist- nature of prayer and study

• "re-baptism" or "believers baptism", Argued Luther and Calvin were not faithful to scripture because they still practiced infant baptism. (only adult baptism found in scripture)
• Christainity should not be an association that one is born into; volentary commitment (problem with infant baptism)

(protestant episcopal church in U.S.)

• Broke from catholic church not because of corruption or theology; but because it would not grant Henry VIII anulment from his first wife.  From then on, instead of the pope, royalty headed the church. Influenced by Puritanism- but settled on middle path bet. Catholicism and Protectantism

• Jon Calvin and reformed tradition- sometimes seen as giving voice to darker side of Protestant theology- puritans and presbyterians
• Gods sovereignity- problem of evil- why does god allow evil to exist?- Calvin stressed 3 O's (basically that god was all knowing and all powerful) and that God is in control of creation.
• Predestination- the "elect"- few who will be saved. Search for signs of election: Calvins theology created great deal of anxiety among Puritans about their own spiritual fates.

Main Points:

• faith without freewill- faith is trust in Gods promises of salvation. Through grace, god gives the individual faith or trust in him.
• faith with freewill- faith is freely chosen act of a individual to trust god. Individual initiates relationship with god.
• Gods law; does it still have a role?- Luther argued that Gods law is meant to show man its sinful nature

• Luther was highly critical of the spiritually   privaleged position that the priesthood claimed to occupy- in contrast he argued it as a multifacited idea
• Protestant believes everyone has equal relationship with god (no saints)

• According to luther- fundamental cause of church's corruption is that it strayed from gods inspired word and introduced man made teachings and practices.
• definitive authority on christianity is scripture; not the institution of the church, its priests, councils, and traditions.

Protestantism seeks to find and live by what is essential to the christian experience. It places great emphasis on the individuals own ability to establish personal relationship with god.

• return to simple christianity
• centrality of Jesus
• Guidance of Bible
• Importance of faith
• direct relation to god
• individual judgement

• by late medieval period, people resented the lands and wealth of church and monastaries
• Greek scholors presence in Italy after fall of constantinople encouraged Bible as Ultimate religious authority.

"Image"- religious painting on wood- used in Orthodox church

• Meaning "correct belief"- used to designate Christianity in the East.
• Nicene Creed- speaks of divine nature of Jesus
• Believe in one god, and one lord of Jesus
• Reasons for split: use of images for religious practice; holy spirit come from father? son? both?

Life in a monastery

• provided liberation from daily cares, leisure time to read and write, a wealth of friendships with interesting people
• founder of western monasticism- benedic Rule of monks- gave advice about how monks should live together

Hermits

• monk not a priest; priest not a monk
• simply a man who chooses to leave society to live a celibate life of religious devotion.
• first christian monks: Desert Fathers: Paul the Hermit, Anatony of Egypt, Paphnutius,pachomius, simonstylite

• Moved capital of roman empire to constantinople, hoping to strengthen empire by placing capital closer to northern frontier.
• Planted seed for division of Christian into eastern and western churches

Reasons christians were persecuted:

• Christians made effective scapgoats
• Associated with political disloyalty
• Slander

Reinterpretation of role of Messiah

• according to Paul, following Gods law no longer enough to earn salvation.

For christians, Jesus death was a triumph; but Jews expected a military triumph.

• they didn't look at him as the typical hero;he was just normal

means "letter"- works written to instruct, encourage, and solve problems

2 groups of works:

• Pauline epistiles- attributed to early missionary Paul; now recognized not written by paul
• Universal epistles- addressed to all believers

• Second part of Gospel of Luke
• Portrays paul in Journey to final sacrafice in Rome parallel to Jesus in Jerusalem in Luke.
• Rock makes ripples in pond (life of Jesus speads to ends of earth)

• written rememberances of Jesus's words and deeds, recorded after his death
• showed Jesus had human feelings
• do not record words of Jesus that condem slavery/opression to women

• literall means "together- see"; implying a similar perspective
• writers show Jesus as messahic teacher and healer sent by god.
• Mathew-portrays jesus as "new moses"
• Mark- shortest and oldest; tells of Jesus adult life
• Luke- filled with sense of wonder; "womens Gospel"
• Gospel of Jon- Non-synoptic gospel- portrayel of Jesus is full of mystery

• Core of christianity- used in religious services, read regularly
• divided into four parts:1) the Gospels 2)The acts of the Apostles 3)The Epistles 4)Revelation
• history, literature, and artistic creation all together
• similar structure to hebrew bible (New Torah is equal to teachings of moses) (Book of Acts parallel to former prophets)
• All books are written in Greek

• urged simplicity and universal love/ social activist
• Jesus taught with authority; had indepence of thought. Teacher- moved from place to place preaching his beliefs

• miraculous conception by mary two thousand years ago
• shows him in early years assisting his father Joseph as carpenter in Gailee
• arrested for preaching (considered a threat to public order)
• crucified on Friday
• recorded in four gospels- shows him to be man of devine destiny and remarkable powers

• Gospels- "Good news" about life of Jesus
• Like paintings of Jesus; not photographs
• "portraits of Jesus" painted in the Gospels: each gospel writer shows Jesus in a different way.

Monastic movement- rejected authority of sadducees; practiced celibacy; avoided symbols of wealth; hoped for Armageddon-

War in God, would vanquish forces of evil

• thought Jerusalem was corupt (lived away)
• lived austere life in desert

Passionate committment to Judaism; willing to revolt against opressors

• comfortable with foreign rule
• elite priesthood- controlled temple- empowered by the Romans; maintained "order"
• group or priests in Jurusalem, kept up with Jewish temple rituals
• members of semimonastic movement

• discovered in cave 1947- contain oldest surviving copies of hebrew bible by 1000 years

Jews responded to foreign powers- some overly political and some religious

• Persecution, obedience and forced conversion- distant rulers encouraged assimilation to Hellenistic culture and out lawed Judaism

Baptist

founded by George Fox. Pacifists, have no clergy, and conduct silent church services with no rituals. People should "Quake" at the word of God